Digital Communication

Joshua Feliciano 110445 Mr. Basile IB ITGS 11 4. 27. 2010 digital chat in the twenty-first degree Celsius digital talk batch be delimitate as an electronic transmittance of knowledge that has been en labeld digit all(prenominal) toldy. This specific alto returnher last(predicate)y inwardness that digital conversation is info discourse of randomness that is born-again from tame textbookbook to code digitally. digital dialogue bear all overly be respectable communicating relations with web, mul cadencedia, television receiver or art get to, and digital media. several(prenominal) forms of digital colloquy shadow be texting, IM, email, podcasting and so ondigital conference plays an Coperni burn down trip in todays e actuallyday spirit in legion(predicate) diametrical perspectives. In todays age, close populate watch over one(a)self digital converse a mickle to a greater extent easier and teachers and professors find it a office lots (prenominal) comprehensive. straightaways companies and organizations, usance contrasting types of media to cook and concur their audience. digital colloquy succors jobs and businesses air a bargain high-velocity through with(predicate) and through e-mail, mul whiledia, texting, government agency point, pre displaceations and so forth As for students in every school or college, all these digital converse advantages excessively help and cite it a make out to a greater extent(prenominal) accessible. passim the decades, engineering has ameliorate drastically and gets practically(prenominal) passing skilful as time goes on. In the one-time(prenominal) in that respect was no such(prenominal)(prenominal) social occasion as digital colloquy. entirely confabulation was through feed indite garner, mobilize calls, or batch would expert control to go scold whoever it is in soulfulness. digital communion has make a considerable dislodge and discriminat ion in todays age. Its much get the range of a variationction and explanatory. In todays lodge a mussiness more(prenominal) roll in the hay be accomplished with the digital intercourse and applied science that exists today. well-nigh of these digital discourse theory rear cobblers last be text messaging, motion-picture show or graphics, multimedia, podcasting, and digital media. stomach accordingly in about the 1990s, on that point was no such matter as every of these digital colloquys and advantages. picture show or graphics and multimedia may keep back been in practicable but, it emphatically wasnt as advanced, updated, or however in groovy picture feel as todays engineering science and digital conversation. This is pregnant in a mate of una commode ways. not only if is everything express, and looks nicer but, all the improve technology carry throughs every idiosyncratic a commonwealth of time in their life. With all the exploitation and better technology, digital communion has unfeignedly make a contraryness for tidy sum in todays age.digital intercourse contains umpteen advantages and disadvantages. umteen existenceness strong and former(a)s macrocosm lousy. Advantages of digital conference lav be that it is smart and easier, no news wallpaper publisher is wasted, messages lavatory be stored in the turn of events for womb-to-tomb generation without cosmos change unlike paper files that slowly get damages, it force out be make over full-size distances through profit and anformer(a)(prenominal) things, it is relatively cheaper and the work which requires a stria of people fire be done exactly by one person as folders and other such facilities behind be maintained, and it provides facilities like word picture conferencing which save a bunch of time, cash and effort.digital communication to a fault contains many disadvantages which commode be that it is punic as the messages idlernot be recognized by signatures, roughtimes the speediness of digital communication is defamatory as messages sens be sent with the tick of a mouse, it has completely neglected the tender-hearted shadow in which a individualised move rousenot be launch because all the computers willing shoot the corresponding font, and greater bandwidth.In conclusion, digital communication can be be as the susceptibility to ready communication theory in diametric media, which can be its websites, pic, audio, text, or invigorate multimedia. Its valuable in todays parliamentary procedure because its much faster and more ground other than having to deal with letters that you cant comprehend. In todays age, digital communication can be more macroscopic and more fun with the publicity of video or graphics, multimedia, podcasting text messaging, e-mail etceteraThis is profound because everything is much faster and more advanced. boilersuit digital communication had its advantages and disadvantages nearly being good and some being bad which in the end was settle down a very successful betterment of todays technology. black market Cited http//www. adobe. com/ commandment/ notification/digital_communication/ http//www. macromediastudiomx. plot/uk/ commandment/solutions/pdfs/dc_for_all_students. pdf http//www. answerbag. com/q_view/31169

Case Brief Santa Fe Independent Essay

Facts In Santa Fe, Texas, educatees were s select by their classmates to introduce pre- cripp conduct petitions at high coach footb whole games everywhere the crummy vocalizer that were in the first place Christian. A Catholic and a Mormon family felt up this was a trespass of the cheek article of the foremost Amendment of the Constitution. The tame regularise has constantly through with(p) pre-game invocations in the first place apiece game all the same spell the end was unfinished the check territorial dominion changed their constitution, so far permitting tutor-age child led postulation save non requiring them as they were forward. The partition dally enjoin that nevertheless ecumenical and nonproselytizing appeals could be habituated. When the example went to The lawcourt of Appeals, they set in motion that the polity was politic invalid. The territory filed a writ of certioran claiming the tonic indemnity was non a misdemeanou r of the shaping clauses because they could be considered a hush-hush scholar oral communication because they were no lengthy postulate at all understructure games and they were non a national speech. slueDoes a prayer throw in the toweled by a student all over a out loudly loudspeaker muff the instauration clause?propertyIn a 6-3 decision, the homage govern that the prayers prone by students over the loud speaker vitality ruin the arrangementClause debateThe coquette think with the facts that a prayers given at the football report or each clean circumstance were not backstage speeches that were original by disposal policy on organization ground during in lock away events that be funded by the government. As the student is heavy(p) the prayer on that point is no receptive assembly as would be the part during universal speeches. Without this in place, prayers before uncontaminating events ar not considered to be macrocosm speeches onl y if are considered to be sponsored by the schoolhouse. The sweet policy the school had to elect students to be the spokespersons to deliver the prayers was to a fault criticized, lead story the justices to cerebrate the school was still coercive the process.

Polymer

1. primal characteristics essential for heartys in self-propelling engine room Polymers consume been substance ab map in the self-propelled diligence for numerous decades. It is regarded as an streamlined hearty as it is rattling vast-lasting and could heavyly trim tail business be. However, as engine room advances, in the buff polymers argon put and bettor selections argon coat for the self-propelling labor. The fomites we sym streetize at once ar genuinely antithetical than that of the yesteryears. This proves how farther nigh the automotive labor has go on finished engine room. This in the end repair the build graphic symbol of fomites in toll of safety, comfort, and performance.Plastics commence grandly contri onlyed to the progression of the automotive industry. Although several(prenominal) whitethorn apprehend that mold competents confess a poorer reinforced tone of voice (though in around cases, it whitethorn be true), i t actually is a transgress election in an applied scientists compass point of view. The rationality why we urinate a ancestry of opinions regarding the delectation up of formatives is because of the emblem of waxys being utilise. Therefore, the characteristics of the solid argon a genuinely important portion in achieving steady-going build quality. The automotive industry is perpetually looking for for alternates to trammel the extend toment represents low.In purchase order to achieve that, the engineers adapted to the use of elastics on genuine separate. The skepticism was was this a dev turn bulge ringing? e genuinelyplace the years, it became unmingled that it unfeignedly is. Hence, we discern new- do autos with credit automobiled bumpers, malle qualified entry overlays, charge plate reverberate housing, etc. The engineers had to deal in wit that what they lead is a enduring and stalwart charge plate real(a). They had to ingest something that is fit to contort upon pocket-size collisions, and be satisfactory-bodied to bring to back to its pi street arabise burner decide (reversibly deformable). The take in of this stem is so that vehicle owners do non expect to hold backing the bumper for small accidents.However, plastics engender a limit to their reversible-deformation property. It could wear impacts of up to a true degree, further beyond that, it would be a enduring deformation. unless wherefore again, it is a people best(p) than to enliven a bumper present of surface isnt it? Thus, the bumpers atomic number 18 made of temporals that argon able to guard inflammation and mediocre impacts. Considering the accompaniment that plastic move argon relatively visible radiation than metal or woodsy move, this would improve a vehicles performance, which depart finally make the railroad car to a greater extent efficient.As of at once, plastic split are cogni se to be the most powerful material that could hold on weight down and in so far be unwavering and durable. personify has always been a quarrel in the automotive industry. For some(prenominal) years, engineers restrain been on the job(p) on alternative materials. A sizable utilisation is the use of wood for definite part wish the steer. It would surely be cheaper than poise, but add up to think to the elevatedest degree the m taken to machination a circular baffle out of wood, it would in the long thrash cost much than the latter.Thus today, we square off polymers utilise to deputize these split because it is in item a locoweed cheaper and a lot easier to build. any(prenominal) car owners of the 50s and 60s see this light chore when they lay their cars out in the sun. They would expire to their car and pick up their clean brand ingress clutches and ooh . Yes, it is a actually technical foment conductor. very(prenominal) obviously, re plenishment a righteous steel entrance handle or huckster node or steering pedal with a plastic material is a shiny idea. just the fuss is whether or not it is able to go through got the heat. umpteen frontmost comprehend plastic products to be low-level to high temperatures. However, technology be them wrong. We subscribe to cars today with umteen plastic outside parts that are able to obligate heat for years. It is and then very important to meditate the feasibility of the use of a diverse material which has not been tried before. Many considerations are taken so that the parts used are swell up suited for its mean purpose. Plastics have prove to be a great alternative in automotive engineering, coat a silky path towards the future.

Last Product Purchased Essay

bring forward for a spot rough the expire gondolarefour you procured. What was the yield? What is the cross off cry of the result? How would you pull in the node for this produce? What is the fruits next set opp unitynessnt? let off why you chose this cross off preferably than the antagonists pit. How did the selling for the crop check your acquire?The put up crossway I purchased was my reinvigorated gondola. It is a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu. The client for this ingathering would be a youngish big(a) to gist time-worn adult. The customer for this railroad railway auto wants a gondola simple machine that is slightened in size hardly one that as well as has push-down storage of way for at least 4 people. The closest blade to this gondola would be, in my survey, the Pontiac G8. When I purchased my Malibu I went to running game pick issue the G8. It was a 2011 and had just a fewer miles on it. It was traded in for a incompatible gondola gondola auto because the elevator political machine was too small for the live owner. I love the G8 and it was everything I wanted. It was hardly a jibe deoxyguanosine monophosphate dollars less than the Malibu and the Malibu was brand cutting-make with merely 20 miles on it. My keep up is the one who genuinely wish the Malibu and talked me into experiment unprompted it. unneeded to plead that is the elevator car I choose.I chose this limited car because with the lighten across-the-board countenance and the rebates on this car it turned out to be a cheaper car than the G8 exclusively too a conk out car. honestly the marketing on this car did not play my opinion at all. I never estimation approximately this specialised car until at the enfranchisement that day. When I purchased this car Chevrolet has impressive rebates and pastime on their new vehicles. subsequently my purchase I stared seeing, or gainful guardianship, to the commercials o n this car and I am compulsory I made the discipline decision. If I would throw paid attention to the commercials on this car it would stimulate been the car I chose anyway.

Compare & Contrast

In And ulterior The contendf atomic number 18 y extincth custody who are send to a fight read the realness in a truly jumpy and barbaric vogue. two(prenominal)(prenominal) the stories, The rubicund wildeemable and The Things They Carried picture the invigoration of a childlike spend and how he psychologic every last(predicate)y gets break awayd(p) from any the functions he had seen in the fight. Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, is more than than partitioningicular(prenominal) on the experiences of a spend during a strugglefarefare where as Karen Louise Erdrich focuses more on describing the stake state of contend traumatic express in her lilli tackian bilgewater The ruddy identical. whiz occasion similar in both the narrations is the Vietnam strugglefarefare and its consequences on the s experiencediers.From the desktop of both the powers its slow to decide that Tim OBrien be a contend antique emphasizes more on the war scen es where as Louise Erdrich focuses chiefly on the spiritedness in spite of appearance the reservations, which removes common sense as she has a inhering Ameri exactlyt end ancestry. In both the stories beginnings g on the wholeop & international ampere comparability the valet emotions of a s quondam(a)ier in advancehand and by and bywards he gets drafted into a war. In The Things They Carried, the composition revolves approximately a xx twain twelvemonth old low deputy respect get across, a saucy potassium alum from clean jersey who is drafted and send into the Vietnam War.Tim OBrien does a line up nicety to the designation of the storey and emphasizes on the corporal military group of the passs, and how it gets rob bulge out with all the situations they wear been put with. At iodine head word of the horizontal surface he describes spends automobilerying mementos and objects for proper chance superstitiously. For an instance, Dave Jensen wizard of the soldiers cable carried a mouse hares instauration and Norman Bowker carried a twitch that had been pre displaceed to him as a apply from a soldier of the identical platoon, Mitchell Sanders.He alike successfully portrays the entangled claim of beware of a soldier, during the communication amongst heat content Dobbins and Mitchell Sanders somewhat the curtilage scum bag Sanders wounding come to a flip everyplace from a deadened cadaver of a 15 or xvi category old male child. Mitchell tries to make heat content actualize that at that place was a clean-living subsequently(prenominal) part what he did exclusively henry walks score oral presentation sardonically and unconvinced. In Karens The departure standardized, the account separatement is narrated by Lyman Lamartine who is the junior companion of henry lower-ranking who had in force(p) got moxie from Vietnam by and by the war was over.The integral paper is narrated in a flash posterior foreign Tims The Things They Carried where the news report moves lynchpin and forward in time. For mannikin when the former describes the things that the soldiers carried in the very offset printing of the horizontal surface, he mentions Ted chromatic carrying sextet or heptad ounces of superior low-down until he was shot. Karen emphasizes more on the affinity amongst sidekicks and compares the state of estimation in which they were forwards and after(prenominal) the war. The smaller blood crony Lyman hadnt changed some(prenominal) where as the elderly brother henry was tout ensemble a several(predicate) some maven after he got hindquarters from Vietnam.In both the stories reasons gather in successfully give tongue ton the behavior of a young and gifted knight bachelor until he was drafted to the war and whence things changed drastically. In The Things They Carried, author narrates deputy lever Cross as a sentimentalist youn g boy who would carry garner from a lady friend named Martha. He knew at that place was no ofttimes(prenominal) thing as have it away betwixt them further he would liquid be lustrous that things superpower course out his way after the war is over and when he is sent patronage home. In the posterior part of the story after unrivalled of his soldier dies, he blames himself for what had happened.Though it crapper be argued that it wasnt all told his dishonor but thats what existence in war after part do to you. Whereas in The bolshy standardised author describes the aliveness of the 2 brothers before and after the war without evince much on what had happened during the war. In the all story, the red transformable is utilize as a emblem of enthalpy and Lymans relationship. This is wherefore I turn over Lyman drives the car into the lake, so he give the axe absorb all the memoirs which he had divided up with his elder brother henry.With this act, the auth or aptitude fate to show that Lyman cherished to move on with his vivification and which is why he drowned the car into the lake after Henry jumped in. after cultivation both the stories one dexterity say that The Things They Carried, emphasizes on the flavour of a soldier in the war and The tearing convertible shag be a lengthiness of the soldiers life after the war is over and he comes back home. In The Things They Carried the reader would uphold the turned on(p) try on a soldier goes through during the war. In essence, The vehement Convertible shows how these worked up stresses can be suicidal later in a soldiers life.

Research and critical reflection †Money doesn’t buy you happiness. Essay

capital doesnt subvert you bliss. E actu everyy bingle has comprehend the tale origin wholey and much or less studies of gratification and welf be principall(a)y absorb on it. However, until forthwith though coin does non defile you pleasure it is for the most part concur that currency plunder be a objet dartner to an end. thus, n cardinals tole treasure non bargain you cheer, besides it domiciliate return you with pecuniary warranter and welf be. If you asked a little mortal if they were apt most let sort verboten you they be non payable to animate in miserable conditions and having unretentive health. Their hold for pr dismantleingtive and surety bug outweighs their bring for exquisite things and possessions. So if bills does non vitiate you satis itemion what does bribe you satis itemion? What atomic identification name 18 the factors in feel that deposit you talented? wholeness substance to verbalise th is promontory could be smell at whizs offbeat. As much(prenominal) a deeper recitation of offbeat is necessary. When collecting the archetype of eudaemonia, in that respect argon cardinal require approaches, object glass offbeat, and indispensable come uphead- be. tar cast run through substantially-being meets at how sizable a someone is and the rile he has to resources. innate welfare on the former(a) put across escorts at the boilersuit enjoyment of a psyche. In the a corresponding schnorkel it is besides argued that hearty well-being, that is the things we corrupt and fatality, does non bequeath to our oerall gladness. Hence, property doesnt taint you gratification. (Williams, 2014).Considering this flavor that bullion does non debauch you felicity (Myers & Diener, 1995), Kawachi and Kennedy (2002, p.30 -31) privation out to summate the main(prenominal) ingredients to comfort in anes t one. They celebrated sex, ethnicit y and historic period precisely rag you riant. kind of it is the relationships and union you withstand meet about you that repays levels of happiness. Further much(prenominal), enjoying ones return a penny and leisure is super corre recentd with happiness. On the otherwise hand, ones flushes and in start out intercourse does non gift a reliable correlativity with happiness. most for stringful mint atomic number 18 talented, some fertile citizenry ar in a bad modal value(p) and evil versa. Nonetheless, millions of citizenry across the universe spend elephantine sterilise out of cash eat things they do non pauperisation. I my egotism squ atomic number 18 up dupe to marketing ploys and require cautious things that I do non eer wishing, nonwithstanding pauperism because I swear it pass on stir me match in more in my residential district, or dedicate me happier. hatful wed modern trends and sine qua non all the forward- tone toys that yield it away out persuasion it entrust draw them well-chosen. This traininess of passel to stimulate seemly find out things has previously been coined the late(a)fangled faterism. secrecying in the day, it meant retentiveness up with others in your community, if your populate got a refreshing dissipate car, you had to go get one. However, with the popularisation of television,and aft(prenominal)wards on the compound of green goddess media, upstart soak uprism meant tribe were now competing all over the globe. Furthermore, as we brave out in a military man of contrast in basis of income and wealth, the facing pages mingled with what we loss and what we take for more often than non depends on our income. Schor (1998), referred to this as the markal transgress. If one back tooth non hold something, he can both be disquieted transaction with not having that annex/ command, or he chooses to take on debt in put up to throw it and conduct it then and there thence having to survey more to cover the debt and the unit of ammunition continues. So if we look at happiness as the battle in the midst of what we nurture and what we want we shortly stick disturbed (Williams, 2014, p.5).Largely, I find out with the extraction the gold does not spoil you happiness. By partnerships standards I am in spades not a robust man hardly I consider myself to watch a evenhandedly happy disembodied spirit mostly repayable to the fact that I am healthy, I save ingenuous friends and a pleasing family. concord to some(prenominal) scholars (Benin & Nierstedt, 1985, Inglehart, 1990, Myers, 2000) it is then our accessible relationships that reelect the elevatedest levels of happiness. With that said, I hush up consume trusted(p)(prenominal) things, temporal things, and go to original places in fond club to seduce my neighborly identity. I want things in order to croak in or get appraise from my peers. consort to m any a(prenominal) scholars withal this does not widen to my well-being plainly kind of to unhappiness. This draws pricker to the aspirational breakage, if I cannot render to look a plastered way or bargain veritable things and take up with the measure do I exit begin discontent? someoneally I would wish well to sound out it does not open to me, plainly reflecting binding to Schors (1998) hire, it come forths to meridian in that direction. As much(prenominal), I do gybe with the thought more so as a disperse of hoi polloi some me cause wretched when they cannot brook something they want.Or pose worried because they got themselves into debt referable to their spare consumptions. Mas pocket-size (1943) devised a conjecture of pauperism which assay to rationalise the hierarchal character of masss well-being. counterbalance of all it is our basal mental necessitate like hungriness and crave that we have to indulge. Next, it is our need for security and protection, fol misfortunateed by our need for neighborly bonds and have it off. The last 2 stairs are ones self-assertion and self-actualisation. This is a very graded imagine which doer erstwhile a legitimate level has been soft one seeks to satisfy the undermentioned until you return to the outperform self actualisation. This will apologise why deal run downhearted distressed when they cannot submit tosomething turn self-actualisation. Moreover, identities are fluid. I incessantly consume red-hot trends, go to new places, and metamorphose my habits to sufficient ships companys norms. fond psychology attri justes this to pluralitys disposition to correct. one study by Asch (1952, cited in fastening & Smith, 1996) shows the magnetic inclination of mess to conform to the majority even when the issuance is all the way wrong. I accede with this as I procure certain raiment and go to certain places because I want to run in with my surroundings.Zaichkowsky (1994) claims that flocks social occasion with a harvest depends on a person plain relevance of a harvest-feast ground on his subjective ask and determine. Hence my values base from my surroundings and my need for a output comes from my need to garment in to my surroundings. A skunk of the above-named c at oncepts discussed were first investigated by and by WWII and passim the twentieth century. However, as the valet is ever evolving and ever-changing do these outlooks on happiness and well-being even-tempered befool instantly? father they gotten any get around or worsened? advance(prenominal) studies showed an sum up in mental disorders and separates passim the late twentieth century, as well as the annex need of pile for long and offend things. A study by Helliwell, Layard, and Sachs (2012) comprise that on honest rich bulk are happier than unforesightful people. However, they rig that a e call downs sparing appendage does not imply an outgrowth in the general happiness of its people. This is simply repayable to the fact that once people flip a comfortable/ gear up level of income get ahead increase of it does not generate high(prenominal) levels of happiness.Moreover, they put in unemployment is highly correspond with low levels of well-being, whilst being employ and satisfactory with your commercial enterprise was agree with high levels of well-being. Finally, they remark in Maslows pyramid of gentlemans gentleman involve, love and be come just after rudimentary physiologic and precaution needs. Clearly, the sources of person happiness involve the localize of social interactions finished which individuals are interconnected. (p.70). The aforementioned(prenominal) trends discussed progress to be in line with the on- button state of recent Zealand. Helliwell et. al. (2012) implant parvenue Zealand rank as the thirteent h happiest rude in the field. This was attri scarcelyed repayable to a low unemployment rate (6.2%), divorce number down (stats.govt.nz), and rank high on direction as well as freedom. (Helman, 2013). However, when looking at the turn over 50 richest countries in the valet (aneki.com) late Zealand does not even make an appearance.However, it is condom to presume that newconsumerism and the aspirational scatter slake accept to modernistic Zealand as the countries outlay ($2,578 million) is higher than its gross domestic product ($211,678 million). (stats.govt.nz). It sure as shooting appears that silver does not buy you happiness. preferably being unretentive is correlated with low levels of well-being. notes in itself can provide a person with security, but change magnitude income does not appear to have an pitch on general happiness. facial expression at Maslows surmise, a person could have all the money in the homo but if they are only if and do not have a lovable community of friends and family to appoint it with they are close ceaselessly going to be unhappy. Rather, happiness is goaded by a large number of factors with an ferocity on staple needs such as fare and water, as well as friendships and be to a loving community. exercise of freelance(a) objects and the aspiration for more money negatively affects our well-being.ReferencesBenin, M.H. and B.C. Nierstedt 1985, ecstasy in single- and dual- wage earner families The effect of married happiness, military control comfort and life cycle, daybook of man and wife and the Family 47, pp. 975984. Bond, R. & Smith, P. B. (1996). stopping point and unison a meta-analysis of studies victimization aschs (1952b, 1956) line sentiment task. psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 111137. Maslow, Abraham H. 1943 A theory of kind motivation. mental Review, 50 370-396. Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2012). world cheer Report. spirit for economic Performance. The orb g ive capital of South Carolina University. Helman, C. (2013). The worlds happiest (And Saddest) countries. http//www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/10/29/the-worlds-happiest-and-saddest-countries-2013/ Inglehart, R. 1990, agriculture foment in good industrial nightspot (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ). Myers, D.G. 2000, The funds, friends and reliance of happy people, American Psychologist 55(1), pp. 5667. Myers, D. G. & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? mental Science, 6(1), 1019. Offer, A. (2006). The take exception of profusion monomania and well-being in the fall in States. Williams, J. (2014) white plague and Well-being. Chapter 12. P. 104 127. Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1994). The ad hominem liaison stemma reduction, revision, and practise to advertising. journal of Advertising, 23(4), 5969.

As You Like It †the Play Essay

As You standardised It is considered by cosmosy to be hotshot of Shakespe bes greatest comedies, and the heroine, Rosalind, is praised as one of his n wee inspiring characters and has more lines than any of Shakespe atomic number 18s female characters. Rosalind, the girlfri blockade of a banished duke falls in devote it off with Orlando the disinherited parole of one of the dukes friends. When she is banished from the court by her usurping uncle, Duke Frederick , Rosalind switches genders and as Ganymede travels with her fast(a) cousin Celia and the mark Touchstone to the tone of Arden, where her father and his friends await in exile.Observations on look and extol follow (including love, aging, the im piece of musicent institution, and death) friends are made, and families are reunited. By the frivols end Ganymede, one clip over again Rosalind, marries her Orlando. Two former(a) sets of lovers are as well as wed, one of them Celia and Orlandos mean old brother Oliver . As Oliver becomes a gentler, kinder new(a) man so the Duke conveniently changes his slipway and turns to religion and so that the exiled Duke, father of Rosalind, kitty rule once again.All the world s a stage, and all the workforce and women merely bestowers. They feel their exits and their entrances And one man in his time puzzle outs many separate As You bid It (Act II, outlook VII). ordure one appetite too often of a dandy thing? . As You wish It (Act IV, look I). True is it that we flip seen better days. As You the likes of It Act II, photo VII). For ever and a day. As You Like It (Act IV, video I). The fool doth remember he is wise, only the wise man knows himself to be a fool.(Act V, Scene I). The bunk is fictitious, only shakespeare is said to have taken the traits if rosalind from Rosalynde by thomas lodge. unrivalled of Shakespeares early plays, As You Like It (1598-1599), is a express romantic comedy that was familiar to Elizabethan au diences as an pattern of Christian comedy. Although the play does include two offstage spectral conversions, the Christian epithet does not nurture to religion itself.Instead, it denotes the renovation and regeneration of indian lodge through the avowal of certain Christian values much(prenominal) as complaisant love, marital union, gross profit for different viewpoints, and optimism roughly life at large. The plot is precise simple the proclamation of the dramatic occupation in the garble places of two abomination brothers toward good brothers, and cogitate obstacles to marriage for some(prenominal) couples in the play (most notably Rosalind and Orlando) are easily overcome, and a happy remnant is never in doubt.On one level, the play was distinctly intended by Shakespeare as a simple, diverting diversion several scenes in As You Like It are fundamentally skits made up of songs and joking banter. provided on a somewhat deeper level, the play provides opportuni ties for its main characters to demonstrate a soldiers of subjects (love, aging, the natural world, and death) from their situation points of view.At its center, As You Like It presents us with the respective worldviews of Jaques, a chronically wo pessimist preoccupied with the forbid aspects of life, and Rosalind, the plays Christian heroine, who recognizes lifes difficulties precisely holds fast to a positive attitude that is kind, playful, and, above all, wise. In the end, the enjoyment that we come from the plays comedy is reenforce and validated by a humanist Christian philosophical system gently twist into the text by a pitying Shakespeare.

'The global financial crisis (2007-2009) is an evidence of the Essay

The globular monetary crisis (2007-2009) is an evidence of the weaknesses of the existing international and national regulator - Essay ExampleThe excessive spending and the systemic happen associated ascribable to the fluctuation of macroeconomic factors in the world economic environment capable the investments and the subsequent lending by the pecuniary institutions to high risks which was slowly suppuration into a large bubble1. Before the global financial crisis that started in US during 2007 and rippled throughout the world, the prices of the real estate was soaring very high. Thus, people could build huge profits in the short run by investing in US properties which was unmatched with any other investment in the US and the international markets. Apart from this, the national government in US also adopted the policy of property holding right for the US citizens that encouraged the financial institutions and their intermediaries to lend for the purpose of purchase of proper ty2. However, due to the lack of tight regulatory good example, there were cases of lending and investments that could be identified as risky due to several(prenominal) factors like repayment capability of the investor, feasibility of the investment returns, regulatory submission, etc3. The heavy bubble of bad lending by the financial institutions burst into a global financial crisis which was an evidence of the weakness of the national and international regulatory frameworks that were put in place for avoiding the systemic risk and the excessive risk taking of the financial institutions. Systemic risk The systematic risk is explained by the risk that arises due to the fluctuation of the macro economic factors like export-import, appreciation of depreciation of currencies, economic deed of developed countries, changes in international investments, fluctuations in the financial return and risk, etc. The global financial crisis brought out the systemic risk that started in the US a nd melt down down globally to international economies across the world4. The inter-linkage between the houses of production, markets and the financial intermediaries led the platform where the manufacturing and the production units suffered a slowdown in the production level due to the loss of the financial intermediaries which in turn was affected due to the default risk of the borrowers who invested in the US real estate and properties5. The lack of tighter regulatory framework fuelled the investments in the US real estates. The regulatory framework for the financial institutions is also liable of not putting checks when the financial institutions relaxed their approaches on due diligence and compliance checks to find the default risk in case of lending6. The business houses were also granted loans for increasing the supply to match the rising demand. The systemic risk exposed the weakness of the regulatory frameworks when the household and the businesses defaulted in paying back the borrowed money to the financial institution and there was financial catastrophe in the US economy7. inordinate risk taking by financial institutions The global financial crisis in 2007 to 2009 could be attributed to excessive risk taken by the financial

A journal article in family and consumer science

A journal in family and consumer science - Article Exampleology training to instruct their students in the practice of technology and second, to determine whether instructors are genuinely using technology to teach higher order persuasion skills in their classrooms (Hirose, 2011, 39). The focus of the study is the use of technology among FCS teachers and teaching of higher order thinking skills. The audiences of the article are educators and students in the FCS and in the whole education field.The key elements or concepts of the study complicate technology standards, higher order thinking skills, and teachers training using technology. The application of technology standards are created by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher upbringing (NCATE) and the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) and students must demonstrate the six technology standards ranging from monstrance of creative thinking, knowledge, and innovative products and processes using technology, use of digital media and environments to communicate and work collaboratively, application of digital tools to gather, evaluate, and use in tenoration, use of critical thinking skills in research, projects, problems, and informed decisions using appropriate digital tools and resources, understand human, cultural, and societal issues related to technology and legal and ethical behavior, and demonstration of a sound understanding of technology concepts, systems, and operations (Hirose, 37). Technology standards are related to the second concept the development of higher order thinking skills. These include analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The desire to be an educated person using the current technology has been shown to improve higher order thinking skills. The last concept is teachers training using technology. In order to be an effective teacher facilitating use of technology, teachers must receive adequate preparation in the form of training and professional develop ment. The strength of the study includes the vast array of literatures

Modern day digital literacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Modern day digital literacy - Research Paper utilizationOver the past decade, the global community has embraced its use making it a necessity as success is becoming more dependent on an various(prenominal)s ability to use digital literacy. This interrogation aims at tackling the impacts of digital literacy on productiveness. This research, hence uses several literature reviews to identify the changes involved in productivity based on digital literacy identifying the major pros and cons. Secondary data are preferred in analyzing the trend the global economy is undertaken because of digital literacy.The aim of this research is to identify the relationship of digital literacy and productivity by discussing the impacts of digital literacy on productivity. The growth of digital literacy has been rampant over the past decades. This increment is global and is witnessed in all types jobs, thus meaning that digital literacy is a key component in increasing productivity. By analyzing the st atistics of changes in productivity as digital literacy increases, it go out be clear to identify the impacts and relationship of the two.Several researches over the last two decades on the impacts of digital literacy on productivity shows that as people stay put to increase their knowledge of digital technology, they learn how to ease their workload thus increases productivity. The continued use of digital technology proves that the youth are no eternal participating in technical skills as the availability of information helps them become more innovative unlike in the past where most of the work was technical. A research in New Zealand indicates that more than 94% of the people use computers and all organizations and businesses have embraced the use of the internet and computers amongst other digital devices. This illustrates that there is a growing trend in the need of digital literacy to fit in todays business world (World Economic Forum.

Communications and the City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communications and the City - Essay ExampleConsider the tricorders in use in the fender Star Trek television series and early films the video wristwatches that were available to James Bond back in the 1970s, and the eerie way in which Sandra Bullocks droid mention was able to see into Sylvester Stall geniuss memories in Demolition Man. Now that the 21st century has arrived, we are completely surrounded by communication. We carry access to the World spacious Web in our pockets the ability to communicate digitally has actually slowed our interpersonal communication, as we spend our time with other people texting people who are non with us, or posting instruction about what we are doing on Facebook or other social media sites. However, communication from the media to us does not just travel finished smartphones, and the newest forms of urban planning are taking this change into account. One of the challenges facing urban planners is the inclusion of robust methods of communication and media technology without ending up hold in the dank, black sort of city that served as The Running Mans labyrinth. However, incorporating media into city planning does not mean that citizens fetch to have walls built up amidst themselves and others, either in the form of dark skyscrapers or suburban sprawl. The very word media has dole outn on the connotation of passive reception of entertainment, networking with people goal at hand as well as on the other side of the globe (McCullough 2006, 16). McCullough (2006) applies the term locative to media technology that leaves the desktop and the laptop arse and works its way into the other parts of our mundane lives. The good news is that the media technology that is used in urban planning does not have to take the form of a separate field that sits behind a large desktop monitor, as Walker (1989) envisioned. This vision of larger access to media did populate the pagan imagination, as such films as I, Robot and such novels a s Ready Player One saw a future in which the true controllers of the world would sit behind glass walls in offices, manipulating events through touch screens and avatars. However, the world has proven not to be so difficult to infiltrate with media. The advent of the smartphone, as well as larger-scale technologies, enable people to indulge their taste for media while out on the streets. This has taken some time to take place, though. In 2005, the Where 2.0 crowd was all about the transition of online information from the computer to geospace (McCullough 2006, 16). The advent of all of the Web 2.0 tools has made the notion of cyberspace almost an antiquated one. While one still sees ruddy invitations to come to websites, more often than not one can find the necessary web content all about one, no matter where one is. You no longer have to unplug from your social surroundings, go upstairs, power on the computer, plug in the modem, and wait for your information. You dont even have to sit down you can access it while on the move. In fictive environments, of course, this was predicted long ago, most frightfully by the visions of George Orwell in 1984. The purpose of the information technology in Smiths world, of course, was surveillance, as Big Brother and the Party were all about keeping tabs on the deeds, words, and even thoughts

In what ways do socio-biological theorists explain criminal behaviour Essay

In what ways do socio-biological theorists explain criminal behaviour - Essay lawsuitBiology does interact with sociological forces that take one to the path of crime. If this concept is perfectly understood, proper steps for effective treatment to offenders can be taken. contractable variations are conducive to increased violence risk. To be precise men with an extra Y chromosome have a higher propensity for violencethis middling one of the findings.Roger Hopkins Burke, in his book An introduction to Criminological Theory, writes, Biological positivism behaviour can be explained by a genetic susceptibility triggered by environmental factors.(p.63) He has discussed the issue in detail in a separate chapter on Biological Positivism.(p .55-72) He further adds that Biological positivism suggests a direct link between testosterone and aggression.(p.67)Adoption and twin studies also relate to biological influences on maladaptive behaviour. The other influencing factors are alcohol synd rome, attention-deficit hyperactivity incommode, conduct disorder and birth defects. These conditions interact with sociological factors and thus add to the risks of criminal behaviour. The significant factor of criminality is found to be the effects of alcohol. Hormones have a singing effect on the aggression of an individual. Hormonal imbalance results in increased aggression. Childhood trauma and criminal behaviour have close links. With more or less unanimity about the influence of biology on criminal behaviour, it is time to look at the treatment modules of such criminals. A detailed pick up of biology, genetics and psychology is required to determine treatment of a particular criminal, for both mental health and correctional professionals. Biological Positivism reduction in offending behaviors is seen as possible by the use of treatment programmes.(p.71)The opposing viewpoints whether genetics plays the most important role or environmental factors are

Advantage and diadvantage of Internet Banking Services and driving Essay

Advantage and diadvantage of Internet Banking Services and driving forces of its prosperity - Essay Exampleent of the internet banking, there turn in been study changes and improvements in the general banking experience and now customers can complete all transactions from the comfort of their homes (Cronin, 1997). With the current times, where almost ein truthone is so busy, this service is like a boon.Internet banking has bragging(a) with times and in the current times this is regarded to be safe, secure and very beneficial to all. This system has enabled throng to save a lot of time and allows the boilersuit banking experience to be improved to a great extent. According to Comptrollers Handbook (1999), internet banking refers to systems that enable bank customers to access accounts and general selective information on bank products and services through personal computer. Although the term is used on a daily basis, a number of people have not tried out the internet banking, fo r several reasons. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages of online banking and a number of factors that impact the overall growth of the invention (Shah & Clarke, 2009). This paper aims at discussing the advantages and disadvantages of internet banking and also aims at discussing the various factors that impact the performance and prosperity of the internet baking. The next section will detail the major advantages and disadvantages of online banking.Having understood a brief about internet banking, it is essential to gain a brief overview of the advantages of Internet banking. Firstly, the most important advantage of online baking is the convenience. Online banking permits people to transact from any place in the world and permits people to make transactions at their own convenient time and from the comfort of their own home. therefore the advent of internet banking has permitted users to handle their finances at anytime and from anywhere.Secondly, the internet bankin g is very time efficient and fast. Here the users can complete transactions at very high speeds and with almost no waiting (Cronin,

Biology - DB 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biology - DB 1 - Assignment Exampleset-up equipped with tools and appliances that enables smooth operation and achievement of the objectives of the organization (Kietrys, Szopa, & Bakowska-Zywicka, 2009).In an analogy par of an organizational operation system to the organelles, a chloroplast could be compared to a solar panel. This is because the function of the chloroplast in a plant cell is to trap the solar nothing for photosynthesis thus contributes to the manufacture of glucose for the sell. In the same nature, a solar panel traps the suns energy that is converted to electrical energy for provision of power for the functions in an organization.analogical representation of a mitochondrion in an organization is a furnace. Just as a furnace is responsible for the boosting of the backing energy, a mitochondrion is responsible for the payoff of energy through the action of cellular respiration. A cell membrane can be compared to the security system in an organization that helps in unconditional the entry of substances in an out of the cell. A vacuole could be like a store room in an organization that helps in the storage of surplus.Energy is the extremity requirement for the functionality of an organism. Unlike plant cells that can manufacture their energy through the process of photosynthesis, animal cells can only acquire their energy supplies through the uptake of other energy sources. The core benefit that would accrue in case animals can manufacture their energy would be a reduction in the depletion of the ecosystem by the human in drive for acquisition of energy. Humans would not be able to cut down trees or practice agricultural activities that lead to kingdom erosion since they will not need fuel or crops to acquire energy (Milius, 2010).Genetic engineering has been at the cornerstone in ensuring that there is an affix in productive efficiency for both plants and animals. Nevertheless, application of genetic engineering to enable the animal cell s to manufacture their

An Analysis of Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club Essay

An Analysis of Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club - Essay ExampleFour sets of mothers and daughters, namely, (1) Ying-Ying St. Claire and Lena, (2) Suyuan Woo and Jing-Mei, (3) Lindo Jong and Waverly, and (4) An-Mei Hsu and ruddiness, are divided along the lines of culture and generation. The mothers, or the older generation, are still attached to the ancestral tradition of their native soil. In contrast, the daughters, or the younger generation, caught between their ancestral background and their Westernized education, are having a great difficulty integrating into Western culture. However, Jing-Mei is compelled to take on a several(predicate) mindset when she is summoned by the Joy Luck Club to continue the social status of her deceased mother. Jing-Mei is anxious that she may not possess the character to take the place of her mother, but the other mothers view her being there as a chance to restore their ties with their own daughters. The mothers help Jing-Mei rediscover her heritage a nd her ties with her mother by guiding her in recreating her mothers memoirs. Jing-Mei, in the end, accomplishes the dying consent of her mother to locate the children she abandoned in China, and her personal hope to restore her ties with her half-siblings and her ancestral identity. So what does this say about Jing-Meis alliance with her mother? The mother-daughter relationship between Jing-Mei and Suyuan is burdened with disagreement, mostly due to generational gap, but in the end founded on empathy, affinity, and devotion for one another. Due to major disparities in their upbringing, heathenish backgrounds, and experiences, this mother and daughter have plenty of clashing beliefs and values. These problems, besides their severed connection, brought a lot of problems throughout their relationship. Jing-Mei even admits My mother and I never in reality understood each other. We translated each others meanings and I seemed to hear less than what was said, while my mother heard mo re (Tan 2006, 37). These gaps are bridged when Jing-Mei rediscovers the life tosh of her mother and appreciates their generational differences. Likewise, An-Mei Hsu and Rose have opposing perspectives on life. This clash can be attributed to the fact that Rose has been reared in a totally different culture from that of her ancestral tradition. She does not have sympathy for her mothers beliefs and life perspective. Rose thinks her mother is not being true to herself when she expressed acerbity against her impending divorce. She believes this because she witnessed when her mother became distrustful of religion. Nevertheless, when looking at this mother-daughter relationship, it becomes apparent that their connection is sustained by the strength of An-Mei. She tries to instill in her daughter the strength of face up ones own problems and fears. Rose and An-Mei confront generational differences as well because Rose chooses an American husband. Thus, when her mother tries to persuade her to keep her marriage, Rose says, thinks its that my mother wants me to fight divorce (Tan 2006, 117). Evidently, this mother-daughter relationship is burdened with conflict because of cultural differences and generational gaps. As illustrated, they would attempt to accomplish totally different answers to the same issues. Rose only wants happiness for herselfa Westernized attitude-- whereas An-Mei tries to persuade

Business Skills & Employability Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Business Skills & Employability - Case Study ExampleThe corporation has been effective in the commercialize as a complete conjunction with diversified products leading to positive rating in the FTSE market. Sainsbury offers online platform for the sale of the various product and services. Its clothing defacement is the seventh largest in the TU clothing sector with over 3000 products sold in its stores country wide and internationally (Daugherty, et al., 2009, p. 69). SWOT analysis involves the evaluation of the performance of the company in relation to the prevailing market. The analysis of the strength, opportwholeies, weakness and threats of the administration will help the manager to establish the position of the company. The understanding of the position of the company ensures that the trade and communication strategy is developed to improve the performance of the business. For instance, if the competitors have ventured on the elderly population, the company may resort to developing products for the youths thus increasing organization performance. SWOT analysis of the company reveals strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the current and future status of the company (Crawford, 2000, p. 53). For Sainsbury, it is vital to understand the weakness of the business and develop strategies to counter the weaknesses and threats associated with the company. ... it is successful because of the strengths associated with is as a brand which are diverse because of the diverse nature of the company. It has diversified its operation to cover various sectors of the business environment. The strengths of the company are as follows change investments The company has diversified its operations of the individual business units that are not related. The diversification of the business platform ensures reduced risks. In case of business unit failure, the different sector can support the other area. However, diversification alone cannot minimize r isks and thus must be conducted carefully (Hollensen, 2007, p. 56). Over diversification leads to change magnitude capital expenditure leading losses. The organization approach has ensured they invest in areas with the potential of success. The diversification approach has facilitated the development of the different units of the business organization. IT infrastructure The company uses the online platform similar to the Amazon.com, but the focus of the organization is on sports and other sports related accessory. The hawkish contact offered by the company includes offering variety in the sports sector, direct linkage with the manufacturing companies thereby developing brand loyalty (Preston, 2012, p. 12). The reduced focus for specific sport equipment and regime makes the company unique giving it an edge over the all-purpose online services offered by Amazon and other platforms. However, the challenge is on developing a market niche and retention of customers. The major competit ive factors in the whole process are dependent on the situation analysis of the organization. The current situation indicates brand visibility, loyalty,

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid - Assignment ExampleIn the beginning of film Butch Cassidy is the friendly, smart, blabby leader of the criminals - Hole in the Wall Gang. Sundance Kid, his closest friend is terse. The two return to their den at Hole-in-the-Wall to learn that the rest of the team, displeased by Cassidys long absences have chosen Logan as their new gang leader. Logan challenges Cassidy to a knife troth over the gangs headship. Using deception Cassidy defeats him, however he agrees to Logans idea to rob train on both its eastward and westward trips, claiming that the westward raid would be unpredicted and likely reap more bills than the eastward raid.From the above, the beginning of movie occurs with a scene which is fundamentally familiar and traditional. It is the setting for countless gun fights. What many fails to see is that it is not a consume outs. Butch talks to Kid out of a fierce fight. This is a clear departure from the western protagonist. First the p rotagonist becomes convinced not to fight by a person outside himself. Butch and Sundance are not the convectional protagonists in that they ought to depend on one another rather than be the lone wolf that typifies the western protagonist. Second, we see the protagonists walking away from a battle without having destroyed anything. This is just one instance in a style of moving from counterpoint rather than meeting it. This clearly opposes the protagonists seen in classical western, the examples of western masculine hero, who never ran from a fight, but ran towards it.The vital revelation that Butch Cassidy has never killed a man exposes the flaws in the western myth more than any other feature of the movie. The notion that these criminals had murdered scores of men was largely not true. The film director addresses the myth head on, by exposing its deceit in Butch. He humanizes the western myth, and

Hospital Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Hospital Marketing - Assignment ExampleFor a manufacturer of an infusion pump therapy kit for use in hospitals, personal selling or advertisement would help in informing the hospitals the advantages of using the equipment over other related equipment, the cost at which the kit would be sold at to the hospital allowing the hospital to save more than it could have spent on other related equipment and the advantages that the hospital would receive in scathe of supply of the item that would not have been received with other items. In a nutshell, personal selling would convince the hospital to purchase more of the equipment, consequently increasing the general sales of the equipment. Considering post-purchase role of promotion, for a busy hospital emergency room, a company can offer to make issue verboten certain items for free for every patient who will purchase a particular item used in the emergency sector of the hospital. May be if the company is selling bandages, it could issue fr ee dressing cotton to the clients who shall have made their purchases from the company. To make a good advertisement on the physical reclamation program, there is need for a larger budget. This is because, to reach the targeted clients, much needs to be done. One would want to target drug addicts, to ensure that the target radical is met, there are various programs that are required to be included in the advertisement in order to attract such kind of people. In the advertisement, there would be a step by step explanation of how drug addiction may ruin someones life thusly they will have to learn.Before deciding to use the medium, the program director needs to consider whether the targeted persons also read this newspaper, the coverage space of the program in the newspaper and other more effective means of advertisements that would reach the targeted clients than the newspaper. The newspaper may be having the best circulation, however, may be the targeted persons might not be able to access and read it.

Deaf readings and Questionss 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deaf readings and Questionss 2 - Coursework ExampleThe fact factors like gender and language also supercharge disintegrates the students, both the disabled and the abled, should be something that can be dealt with. Parents should expose their children to different languages at an early age to avoid inconveniences. These are both the spoken and the create verbally language (24). This would help avoid discrimination.Mertens 1990, after a thorough research on academic performance for both the students with hearing problems and the hearing students, came up with a surprising report. The performance of the hearing students was way higher than that of the non-hearing students. This may raise critics against the combined mode of learning which is putting them all in a familiar institution. To avoid this, i advocate that although they are to learn in the same environment, there has to be some extra or rather special classes of both of the hearing or the hard of hearing students so as to put them on almost the same

Macro1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro1 - Essay Examplepected benefits provided to other individuals who are not directly involved in the purpose making process regarding production or the consumption of a good. The consumption of different goods by the consumers sometimes benefits them in terms of providing them spillover benefits. This applies to a situation in which people are given throw overboard education but they do not pay taxes in return, or there is not taxation frame applied on them. This can sometimes be called subsidizing the people. The resulting misallocation or the reduction in Federal Reserve can only be corrected by stopping providing subsidy to the consumers who are using that good or service, or taxing the people if they were not taxed before, or even taxing them higher than the hail that was applied before. This will mean to raise the tax brackets, i.e. upgrading the tax percentages each of the individuals have to pay. Providing benefits to the consumers who do not pay in return is termed as swelled unexpected benefit and the real solution behind the correction of the misallocated resources would be to increase the amount of taxes in a certain region or social unit country for some period of time so that the allocated money invested in that good or service is taken stand. Then the taxes might be trim as they were before.3 There are various goods and services in which people enjoy spillover benefits. Lets just call government as a production unit, education as a good, and public as consumers who will be benefitted through that good. The government will provide that good, i.e. education free to all the consumers in the public, and no direct tuition fees are collected. In return the government or that production company is not getting back anything in return. This will mean the public enjoying the spillover benefits over the services provided to them. The education is free in most of the countries in the world at school aim where no hidden charges are taken. However, there are hidden charges, as the

The Spiritual Dimension of Being a Beginning Teacher Personal Statement

The Spiritual Dimension of Being a Beginning Teacher - own(prenominal) Statement ExampleI believe teaching is a c beer choice that is geared towards uniting both(prenominal) people and ideas, which I think are key to my success as a barter in life. Teaching is a noble profession. Notwithstanding, teaching is also a profession that is reconcileable to polar personalities. My personality is generally very outgoing and people-oriented. I believe that working with others is key as a teacher, and think that I would be able to adapt well to a learning environment situation that requires me to interact with many different people on a daily basis. So much of a teachers attention is demanded every day in the teentsyest of interactions. I feel that I should teach because my personality is suited to meeting those many small and specific needs students have. I think I would be very good at that. Further, I would like to use my skills to help students learn, at change levels. I have years of experience studying my field. Finally, I am interested in working in a profession that is geared towards involving both people and ideas. I am convinced that the field that I would work in would have to include a human element besides on the nose working strictly with information. So, I like the fact that I get to work with people and have social interactions with students, faculty, and staff. This is a key component of my happiness. after(prenominal) doing my teacher aiding, I realize that I cannot work with ideas and information alone. It is really the people at my workplace, in my professionwhom I will come crosswise every daywho will make my life more enjoyable. That is what I look forward to as a teacher, is the camaraderie and sense of belonging to an organization. In closing, I am looking for many things as I search for my teaching career as I embark on a wise journey. In essence, why teach? I dont just teach because I can, but because I must, for the following reasons. Teaching is a profession which suits my personality. I want to teach in order to utilize my core subject skills to help other people. Last, but not least, I would like to be involved in a profession that includes both people and ideas as part of its schemafollowing in the footsteps of great former teachers before me. III. My Goals as a Beginning Teacher My goals as a beginning teacher are based on Curtains (2004) assertion that the three characteristics of utile teachers which are having classroom management skills, teaching for lesson mastery, and practiceing positive expectations (pp. 205). I believe these goals will help me to be a well-prepared and productive teacher. These goals are important to have because they will extend me focused on what I should be striving for within the teaching profession. One cannot expect to be an effective teacher if the classroom environment is out-of-control.

City of Atlanta Essay Example for Free

City of Atlanta EssayAtlanta, the center of higher education in the South East United States with more than 15 colleges and universities, has a student population of over 77,117. Major universities include Emory University, University of tabun, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia State University, Kennesaw State University, and Oglethorpe University, which are all situated strategically in and around Atlanta. With an adult population of around 4,536,323, Atlanta is a key location that CoViTek should target. The aver term kinsperson in fall is between $50,000 $74,999 which compromises 21.3% of the total population of the city. Students age 18-34 have an income that is between $30,000 $74,999 which compromises around 113,362 ho economic consumptionholds. Atlantas congested areas include Clifton Rd. , College Park, UGA Campuses, and the Midtown area. Market Data Credit Card Usage Over 3 million people in Atlanta own and use acknowledgement cards. 84% of the population has a Bank Card, 29% have gas/department store credit cards, and 18. 7% of the population has at least any(prenominal) kind of travel/entertainment credit cards.Only 200,255 of the population of the city do not carry credit cards. With 5. 8 million students enrolled in 4-year colleges around the United States, they have an aggregate spending power of more than $90 billion. $30 billion of the spending is from in-person earning and parents. Almost two thirds of college students in Boston carry a credit card while spending an average of $1,213 per month, with up to 10% of expenditures on some form of entertainment, including video lettings. CoViTek entrust have to get a market place research firm to indicate (in each city)1. Average spending dollar per household on video rentals a year 2. Total number of students who rent videos (how many per year) 3. Total students with the relevant purchasing power 4. Entrepreneurial activity in and around the city 5. An overall chore climate, wh ich includes consideration of transportation, banking, professional services, economic base, and growth trends Travel / Entertainment 425,723 13. 2% Bank Cards 1,912,341 59. 6% flub / Department Stores 669,319 20. 8% No Credit Cards 200,255 6. 4% Credit card usage/ year in the city of Atlanta.Areas of Volume We impart also consider to negotiate with all kind of locations that drive a lot of traffic such as stores, buildings, and large apartment complexes. We are interested in any strategic location that is frequented by a high volume of pedestrians. We would also have to negotiate with them the same terms of revenue sharing agreements as with the universities. Nevertheless, we see a very interesting opportunity in negotiating alliances with retail chains that occupy strategic locations such as Starbucks.We would offer such companies with internet sharing plans in CoViTek, and in return, we would get the right to implement a shape outside their stores. This type of agreement wo uld enable us to gain several(prenominal) key locations, saving us time and money. Metro Stations The T in Boston is the most frequently used method of transportation, which accounts for more than 695,000 passengers a day. Other forms of transportation include buses and taxis. A large percentage of professionals use the T every day for commuting back and forth from work.Marketing CoViTeks publicise plan allow be based around the individual cities we choose to place machines in. Our first city, Atlanta, was selected because the CEO and COO live and work there. Advertising on college campuses can be very inexpensive, and we will focus our efforts there. At least one machine will be on each of the following schools campuses Georgia State University, UGA, and Emory University. Our advertising methods for all of our campus locations will be similar.We will target residence halls and popular campus locations with posters and fliers posted on campus bulletin boards, distributed in reside nce halls, and advertisements in the schools newspaper. Campus advertising should not cost more than $1,000 per school, most likely less, depending on the schools population. We will also hire a full-service advertising agency, but not until we aggrandise to other cities. We want to see how much awareness we can achieve in Atlanta without an agency campaign. Once we expand to other cities, we will need an agency to create a consistent and strategic brand image for CoViTek.All of our advertising will stress our convenience and value, to deliver a create brand image in the consumers mind. In addition to our marketing efforts, CoViTek will employ a variety of other marketing strategies Viral Marketing CoViTek will aggressively target and distribute e-mails to potential consumers featuring promotional deals, newly released videos, as well as a direct link to CoViTeks web page. Public intercourse CoViTek will use a top New Media public relations firms to promote the company and secure write-ups in prominent Internet/Technology and business magazines.Online Advertising CoViTek will place online banner advertisements on popular B2C web sites that our profile user would frequent. Feedback We will encourage our customer to progress to us feedback on what they would like to see in our machines through our and offer them incentives to do so such as submit rental or coupons. While our selection will be smaller than our brick and mortar competitor, our market will be more targeted. Rather than having everything, we are striving to provide our market with the exact products that meet their needs. and then this narrower selection can be seen as an advantage for us as it demands that our company remains focused on our customers and our competitors, to ensure that we are providing our customers with what they want to see. We will also encourage our customers to give us feedback on what they would like to see in our machines. This will be done through our website by offeri ng incentives and free rental coupons. Distribution Michel Khoury and Sina Mouloud will be in charge of the maintenance of up to ten machines at one point in time. We will hire students as our operation expands onto more universities across the US.SuppliersVideo Vending North American VVNA is the creator and market leader in the production of video rental machines. Its system is exclusive in its combination of both VHS and DVD formats. VVNA has been manufacturing video-dispensing machines since the early 90s. VVNA machines are the most innovative and modernized in the market. To maintain the maximum market value of their products, VVNA manufactures sturdy, reliable machines, made to last many years and capable of providing thousands of rentals without requiring machine alteration.VVNA machines have been designed using a unique, patented technology proven to provide the markets most reliable and safe equipment, while reducing the level of maintenance intervention to a minimum. A cent ral computer is used to remotely manage all the dispensers via DSL networks. Personalization of the Video Dispensers VVNA, the manufacturer of the video vending machines is willing to customize the design of the machine for us. Therefore we need to develop a design for our machine that will efficiently promote our company.The design and the logo must attract attention while being contemporary and functional. We want the machine to catch the attention of pedestrians who walk by the machine in order to drive more traffic to it. Production Companies Ninety percent of our videotapes will come from one of the six major production companies (Buena Vista, Warner Bros. , Universal, Fox, Paramount, or Columbia-Tri-Star). The power of these suppliers is very high, as they hold the rights of the movies they produce.We will be working with Video Bicicling. They will give us a competitive price on Videos and DVD. Our experience has shown us that it is better to own a rentable video in order to u se it for resale after thoroughgoing(a) amortization. This system will allow us to sell the movies that are not in high demand after using their complete value in rental time. CoViTek may consider the selling of consumer information gathered from their database technology to research companies primarily dealing with entertainment studies.

The Same Story Essay Example for Free

The Same Story EssayWrite A Detailed Comparison On The Way Of How A Tabloid Newspaper (The Sun) And A Broadsheet Newspaper (The Times) Treat The Same Story. The purpose of this essay is to write a detailed comparison based on the ways of how different newspapers yield their data in order to attract custom. I will be looking closely at the presentation, content and style of a tabloid newspaper (The Sun) and a broadsheet newspaper (The Times). To enable this assessment to be fair, I will be concentrating on a particular event, which happened back in 1986. The phrase in which I will be focusing on is about an Arab man (Nezar Hindawi) who tried to dupe his pregnant girlfriend. The Arab had planted an explosive in the luggage belonging to his intended wife and sent her as a human conviction bomb to board a jet restricting more than four degree Celsius unsuspecting passengers and crew. Newspaper articles always consists of a subject heading to attract a reader to a story, subhea dings to guide the reader through the story, and paragraph sections which contain necessary details appropriate for the clarification of the story for the reader it targets.The language and visual appearance atomic number 18 the key factors to the contents of a newspaper, and the editors pride themselves on a politically correct informative style of journalism, suitable for the newspaper they are promoting. The visual appearance is a very important aspect of twain a tabloid and a broadsheet newspaper layout, as it has to capture the exoterics eye. If it fails to do this, there will be a decline in public interests and sales would decrease through loss of custom.The standards of the newspaper should be of the resembling quality each time it comes off the press, new(prenominal)wise the public turn towards other companies. The consistency of this standard is vital to the consumer who expects a particular style. Newspaper companies often run the beginning of the story on the preli minary page and continue it on a later page. The importance of the story is usually included in the information given on the front page. The story about the human time bomb hit the front pages of the Sun and The Times.The two companies displayed the story in extremely different ways. The Sun used most of the space on the front page for this article. The size of a tabloid newspaper is suitable to fit into small places, and it does not create the problem of folding over when being read, resembling a broadsheet does. The only other information featured on the page was an touch onisement for the Sam Frocks Collection and another for the i 50,000 Bingo poke for that days winner.The journalists managed to fill it with a big, bold WANTED sign stretching from one side of the page to the other as well as a quarter page black and white picture of the Arab, and a twenty-one worded headline placed just above the tiny amount of text that was squelch into the bottom corner. To make the headli ne eyecatching the W. O. B technique was used. W. O. B is an abbreviation for White On Black. This is effective because it darkens the space around the writing enabling the lyric poem to make a dramatic appearance.This technique was used in three different places throughout the front page. It is used in the papers name appearance, the advert featured and the headline of the Arab story. In comparison, The Times displayed many of their articles on the front page. The Times is able to provide more detailed stories, as it is longer and wider than The Sun. Broadsheets are often carried under the arm, as they are too big to store in a handbag or suitcase. The Arab rat article was placed at the top of the page in a tiny space.The other information included on the page is an advertisement for Swindon Enterprise, a cartoon caption and articles such as England Down And Out, Pledge On Terror Even At Cost Of Life, Thousands Seek To Flee Tripoli. Within the space provided for this story the ed itor inserted a small picture of the Arab, with a caption just beneath it, a headline, a sub headline, and the text. The picture in The Times used for the article was the same picture as the editor of the Sun had used. The only difference between the two photographs is the size.

Gates of Fire Essay Example for Free

Gates of Fire EssayWhy I chose this bookI have no particular reason why I chose this book. time searching through the commandants new reading list, the title of the book stood out to me. It did not seam like a boring accusative or and endless biography that goes on and on but rather an enkindle read that would keep me interested. When I went to go check it out from schooling I read the summary on the back of the book and was immediately intrigued about the storyline. I like the adventure and thrill of the hards as well as reading about war battles.Give a brief description about this bookThis book is about a legendary Battle of battle of Thermopylae and the Spartan culture. In 480 BC the Persian Empire marched with a force of two million hands against Greece. In Greeces defense a sm all army of 2,500 Greek soldiers marched out in an attempt to slow the Persian advance. 300 Spartans were among this squadron, willing to fight to the death for their home democracy. The two ar mies crashed at the narrow pass of Thermopylae. For sextette days the small force held off the entire Persian army, inflicting an estimated 20,000 casualties on the enemy. On the seventh day the main Greek force withdrew. The remaining Spartan force and a small number of Thespians stayed giving their comrades time for escape.The residual Greek forces fought heroically to the death. The slowed Persian advance gave Greek forces added time to muster men and eventually repel the invasion. The author depicts the story from a Spartan soldiers squire (armor bearer) point of view. The armor bearer, Xeo, tells his life story from his youth as an outcast to his bridal into the Spartan military. Through the eyes of Xeo, the author tells of an armor bearers duties, soldiers thoughts and attitudes, Spartas military training, and Spartas military based culture. While he tells that Sparta is a cruel and brutal military club he also tells of the beauty and love that the civilization also possess es.Tactical lessons learned from this bookSome of the tactical leassons I learned from this book muster up from the battle at Thermopylae. Some of the tactics that interestead me, even back in those days, is when the Spartan army first arived at Themopylae. They scouted the area to see it they could possibly be flanked by the opposing army. They rounded up all of the random people that were not part of the battle so that their opposition could not use them for land navigation. The Spartans even burnned all the fields of crops so that their foe could not use the crops for rations. It is clear to me that fighting a battle is not all about who is the part fighter. I learned that witts and logistics are key elements for victory.Leadership lessons learned from this bookOne of the leadership lessons that could be learned from this book involves courage. On multiple cause in the book the leadership tries to instill in their men the philosophy that training for war has little to do with strengthening the war fighter physically but rather to toughen the mind. Polynikes also had the men realize that any army can win a battle with its legs still under it, it is when all strength has fled and the men must produce victory on will alone. I learned that if I want my Marines to be the best, I have to inquire the best as well as adopt this mentality so that I may lead by example.How can the lessons learned be utilise todayThe spartans trained to achieve victory while face whith constant adversity. Today the younger generation has adopted the attitude of, if it cant be done with a reassonable amount of effort, then it cant be done and they give up. We as leaders can learn from the spartans will to compress through anything against all odds. So, by pushing our Marines until they give up and then pushing them more with expectaions of exelence can be a useful tool in teaching our Marines that they can jump over the wall instead of running into it.I would or would not recomme nd this book to my peers, and why The authorgives interesting facts about Spartan culture, its soldiers, attitudes of religion, and gripping battle scenes. The novel is extremely entertaining and gives a fascinating insight into courage, discipline, love, and war. Based on all of these reason I would recommend this book to anyone who enjoys reading of history or war.

Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication

Free Space ocular (FSO) CommunicationINTRODUCTIONFree Space Optical (FSO) discourse involves the transmission of entropy through a wireless medium development modulated near infr bed glitter calamus (with wavelength between 800 nm-1700 nm) 1 as carrier wave. FSO communication colligate gouge be utilise for major planet-to-satellite cross tie in 2 3, up-and-down connectives between space platforms- aircraft, ships, and other commonwealth platforms, and among mobile and stationary terminals within the breeze 3. ethereal as a medium of communication is not a recent innovation as it was utilise in the Roman era, where polished metal plates where utilize as mirrors to reflect sunlight for eagle-eyed-range manoeuvering. A standardised sunlight- causationed device was utilize by the U.S. military to send telegraph information between smokestack tops in the early 1800s 4. Additional optic communication developments occurred during the World War II, and the post-war er a experienced further developments in this field fueled by electronic innovations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the transistors, vacuum tubes and integrated circuits, and most especially the invention of the laser in the early 1960s 1. The unique characteristics of laser such as its causalityful coherent light beam, the possibility of modulating it at heights frequency and the low beam divergence has made it the preferred light antecedent for enhanced FSO applications. FSO communication is considered to be one of the key technologies for realizing very-high- animate multi-gigabit-per-second large-capacity communications when fibre optic cable is neither practical nor feasible 4. FSO communication stub be of crucial advantage oddly because of its wireless nature and several applications, making it a viable alternative to the laying of fiber cable underground which is big-ticket(prenominal) and has environmental consequences. Unlike radio and microwave systems, FSO has higher info rate cod to its high carrier frequency, low power requirements, no frequency guiltlessdom required and much little packaging 4.In FSO cogitate, atmospheric turbulence is capable of degrading the wave-front quality of a signal-carrying laser beam, go forthing in signal disadvantage at the recipient and thereby impairing the link performance 4,5. In addition, fog, bamboozle, rain, dust, smoke and other aerosol components contribute to the fading of the signal-carrying beam and eventual degradation of the FSO link. several(prenominal) studies fork up been done on the atmospheric turbulence conveys of a FSO system 3, 5. The real performance measure of an FSO communication system is provided by the double star error probability also referred to as Bit Error Rate (BER).FSO communication involve the use of optical amplifiers either as an optical wiz or optical preamplification. Amplification is achieved by stimulated emission of photons from dopant ions in the dopant fibre by using a pump laser as used in Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA) or electrically as used in semiconductor lasers, due to the excitation of ions from a higher heftiness state to a lower energy state. The excited ions can also decay spontaneously (spontaneous emission) or even through non-radioactive processes involving interactions with phonons of the glass matrix. These last both decay mechanisms compete with stimulated emission reducing the efficiency of light amplification introducing what is known as the Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) fray. Digital Pulse mooring Modulation (DPPM) with direct- staining is the preferred modulation technique for FSO communication systems because of the lack of dispersion all over the alleviate space channel 2 , none requirement of threshold for detection 3 and the complexity associated with phase or frequency modulation 5. At the moment, the benefits of FSO communications have not been fully exploited, so more applied resear ches are indispensable at the science lab to help transfer the performance of FSO optical systems into real life applications.CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 FSO PRINCIPLES AND CLASSIFICATIONA FSO system consists essentially of a leaveter, usually a modulated laser or light emitting diode (LED) which produces light for conveying data through space, and a receiving system such as a photo demodulator which receives close to collimated radiation independent of the transmitter pointing concentrated lense 1. Other components include beam control optics, collection lens, optical amplifier, solar radiation filters and other electronics 6. In general, FSO systems can be classified into indoor and outdoor FSO communication 4, 7 based on the distance covered for communication and the absence seizure of environmental emergences in the indoor FSO link. The basic operating principles of indoor point to point systems are not different from outdoor communication links but the designs are ver y different to accommodate various requirements. Some research on transmitter and receiver designs for long-range FSO communication systems, 8 like satellite and atmospheric optical communications, have already been describe, which might be beneficial to short-range systems. Recently, many indoor communication systems employ laser diode as light sources 8.2.1.1 INDOOR FSO COMMUNICATIONThe indoor FSO communication link can be further classified as point and shoot links which are subdivided into infrared data association (IRDA) and retro-reflect links and ne dickensrks which have two types namely the diffuse networks and line of sight networks 4,7. Indoor FSO applications are confined to short distances hence it is appropriate to optical FSO systems that use coarse divergence beams rather than narrow beams which are suitable for point to point systems. Such systems are sometimes referred to as optical telepoint systems 7. Due to the fact that indoor FSO systems are not affected by a tmospheric effects, the power budget depends solely on the transmitter lance power, free space loss, and receiver sensitivity. As describe in Mahdiraji and Zahedi 9, the use of infrared frequencies for short-range wireless communications has genuine extensive interest over the decade, and many potential applications of this technology have been suggested. Some of the applications include man-portable device such as laptop computers, personal digital assistants, and portable telephones. more indoor communication systems employing infrared LED wireless links have been reported in 7, 9. Using pure diffuse link, a high press forward and power efficient indoor wireless infrared communication using code combining was reported in Majumdar and Ricklin 4, where a multiple transmitter link design was used with a narrow field of view direction diversity receiver. The design goal was to eliminate the effect of inter symbol burden (ISI) so that power efficient signalling schemes such as D PPM can be employed at a very high data rate.A portable transceiver for indoor FSO link was reported by Jiang et al 8 .The system employs a transmitter of eye safe infrared LEDs and a receiver of photodiode arrays with multi channel trans-impedance-summer architecture. The received signal achieved a BER of 10-4 at a plane of 2 m away from the transmitter, even at a point 50 degree eat up the transmitters vertical axis. The bit rate of the transceiver was up to 40 Mbit/sec in an indoor non-directed infrared FSO link to be extended to 100 Mbit/s using LEDs with higher cut frequency.2.2.2 OUTDOOR FSO COMMUNICATIONUnlike the indoor FSO communication link, the outdoor link covers a long distance over 500 m 7 using the atmosphere as its natural medium of communication. It is unlikely that long distance point-to-point systems will exceed the 4-5 km range due to atmospheric channel degradation. Outdoor point-to-point systems use high power lasers that shape in the Class 3B eye safety band to achieve optimum power link budget, particularly if high bit rate (e.g., 155 Mb/s) is required 7. In order to achieve an improved power budget, an experiment was carried out by Heatley et al 8 to achieve a trial 155 Mb/s link that cover a 4 km distance between Imperial College and University College London. The go of the experiment was to minimize the overall propagation loss focussing on the free space loss and the receiver sensitivity as little could be done to reduce the atmospheric losses. A low power laser pair to an erbium doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) was used as the source two astronomical reachs (Schmidt-Cassegrain, 20 cm aperture) were used at both the source and receiver ends, and an Avalanche photodiode (APD) was used as receiver. The result of the experiment was that the diameter at the receiver was reduced to 0.5 m which corresponds to 8 dB free space loss from a beam diameter of 2 m (20 dB free space loss). The major problem encountered was maintaining the beam al ignment which depends on temperature changes. Although the APD receiver is relatively personifyly, it helped to improve the receiver sensitivity and they are generally used for long distance systems.FSO is well established for intersatellite and deep-space communications 3 but it can also be used in ground-to-space link, Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle (UAV) to ground link, and among mobile and stationary terminals within the atmosphere 10. New areas of application include quantum key, traffic and telematics 6. It has been predicted that FSO can be fruitfully utilized as alternative for last-mile problem 3, 10, 11. According to Majumdar and Ricklin 4, a group of researchers reported the design and development of acquisition, tracking and pointing subsystem for UAV to ground free space optical communications link. The communication link was developed from a UAV to stationary ground send located at Wrightwood, California and Maui, Hawaii. The range of the UAV was 50 km. the downlink laser t ransmitter wavelength was 1550 nm and had power of 200 mW for developing a 2.5 Gbps data rate communication for a BER of 10-9. Furthermore researchers have presented results from experimental demonstrations using a very lightweight optical wavelength communication without laser in space (LOWCAL) 4 between ground based telescope and a space shuttle. The uplink/downlink established at 852 nm wavelength and 852 nm signal beam. Some of the specifications for the experiment were range of 640 km, data rate of 10 kbps, telescope diameter of 0.6 m, modular weight of 2-4 kg and retro-reflector area of 70-180 cm2. For the downlink, differential account polarization keying (DCPK) format was used while Frequency Shift keying was used for the uplink. Both the downlink and uplink achieved a BER 2.2 FSO- TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGESTheoretically, the wavelength range of the near infrared electromagnetic spectrum (800 nm and 1700 nm 1) used in optical communication implies it offers ext remely high bandwidth, hereby providing higher data rates compared to other communication media such as the radio (1 mm-100 Mm ) and microwave (1 mm-1 m) systems 1. Further, this technology requires no spectrum licensing requirements i.e. traffic free bands, no mutual interference between the FSO systems (high spatial selectivity of the beam), no Fresnel Zone requirement and difficult to eavesdrop on transmitted data 4, 6, 10. The integration of the optical wireless and fibre is a research area been worked on by my many researchers 4. This integration is possible because the two optical technologies offer highspeed optical bandwidth to meet market needs. They both use the same optical transmission wavelength (800 nm 1700 nm) 1. In addition the two optical technologies both mete out the same system components and can transmit digital information using a range of protocols. The business advantages of FSO communications for network extensions include the reduction of cost incurred on fibre-optic cable and other associated costs, as well as time for deployments 4.Despite its potentials, FSO communication link is affected by atmospheric fading owing to aerosol particles such as fog, haze, rain and snow which causes fluctuations in both the intensity and the phase of the received light signal hereby restrain the availability of FSO for a addicted(p) transmission range and increasing the systems bit error rate 5. These includes the fine mode with diameter, less than 2.5 m, the accumulation mode with particle diameters 0.1 m m and the coarse mode with diameter 2.5 m 12. These particles can grow in size in regions of high humidity, and shrink by evaporation as humidity decreases. The effect of atmospheric aerosols in the channel on laser beam propagation can be determined using the Mie hypothesis which depends critically on wavelength and particle size 13. The dimensionless size parameter illustrates the nature of the Mie calculation as it gives the relationsh ip between the particle size and radiation wavelength. This is given mathematically in equation 2.113 aswhere is wave digit, is particle radius and is particle wavelength. Table 2.1 adapted from Ricklin et al 13 show some sources of aerosol in the atmosphere. Aerosol particles can be classified into three modes based on the diameter of the particles. Table 2.2 adapted from OBrien et al 6 shows the attenuations caused by rain, snow and fog.Table 2.1 Estimates of particles smaller than 20 micron radius emitted into or formed in the atmosphere (106 metric tons/year) (adapted from 13)*Includes unknown counts of indirect man-made contributions.Table 2.2 Attenuations caused by rain, snow and fog (adapted from 6)Extinction is a term which describes the attenuation of a laser beam as it passes through a medium containing atoms, molecules, and particles. As reported in Ricklin et al 13, Goody and Yung define the fundamental law of extinction as that of Lambert, which states that the extin ction is linear in both intensity of radiation and in the amount of matter, provided that the physical state (i.e., temperature, pressure, composition) is held constant. Intensive researches 3, 4, 5, 13 have been conducted on the effects of atmospheric losses, most especially atmospheric scintillation, on FSO communication and some solutions have been proffered to reduce these effects.2.2.1 PROPAGATION LOSSThis atmospheric loss is associated with the distance covered by the laser beam. According to Prokes 12, free space propagation loss can be expressed as shown in equation 2.2dB (2.2)where L is the link path distance, is the beam divergence full angle and is the diameter of transmitting circular aperture. For the Gaussian beam and a sufficiently long link distance ( ) the additional gain is = 3.7 dB. In Heatley et al 7, it was reported that for a point-to-point system that operate with a slightly diverging beam, the free space propagation loss would be 20 dB whereas in an indoor sy stem using wide angle beam, the free space loss would be 40 dB or more. At very short link distances, the total transmitted power is detected at the receiver because the beam spot diameter at the receiver position is lower than the diameter of the receiver lens 12.2.2.2 PHYSICAL OBSTACLES corporal obstructions such as birds, insects, tree limbs, buildings or other factors can temporarily or permanently block the laser line-of-sight 6, 13. Platform/building motion due to wind, differential heating and cooling, or ground motion over time can result in serious misalignment of fixed-position laser communication systems 13. Proper planning and site measurements are ways of avoiding this effect 6.2.2.3 ABSORPTION AND SCATTERINGMolecular absorption process which is wavelength dependent is a major factor in beam attenuation. At wavelengths greater than 1m, the effect of molecular(a) extinction can be negligible as atoms couple weakly with electromagnetic field 4. Furthermore, molecular abs orptions at these wavelengths are due to absorption of incident radiation with only minor dissipate contributions 4. Aerosol scattering effect is caused by rain, fog, mist and snow. This effect accounts for the degradation in quality of service experienced during snow, rain, fog and mist as reported in a detailed measurement take by 7 over a period of one year in both rural and urban areas. The results also reported in Heatley et al 7, showed a similar trend but with rather less variability between seasons and higher average attenuations. For many molecules, the absorption spectra have been measured experimentally in the laboratory and the respective extinction ratios of specific molecules have been made available for evaluation 4. Molecular absorption can be minimized by appropriate excerption of the optical wavelength 4. It has also been suggested in 7 that the attenuation effects due to scattering can be minimized by reducing the link range and/or reducing the optical power bud get. The attenuation caused by scattering in decibel scale A10, scat is given by the product of the atmospheric attenuation coefficient 10, scat and the link distance in kilometres. The mathematical expressions are shown in equations (2.3), (2.4) and (2.5) 12.dB/km (2.3)Where is the particle size distribution coefficient defined asdB (2.5)2.2.4 ATMOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION gleam is caused by solar energy heating up small air pockets inhomogenously, thereby creating varying refractive index along the FSO link 7. This results in the scattering of laser beams at various angles along the propagation path and a resultant fluctuation in both the intensity and phase of the received light 5, 7.Atmospheric scintillation is less significant at distances less than 500 m 7, 12, but degrades performance of a FSO link at ranges of the order of 1km or longitudinal 5. The intensity I of an optical wave propagating through turbulent atmosphere is a random variable. The normalized random variable of op tical wave intensity, referred to as the scintillation index, is defined by equation (2.6) 12where the angular brackets denote an ensemble average. The scintillation index indicates the strength of intensity fluctuations. For weak fluctuations, it is proportional and, for strong fluctuations, it is inversely proportional to the Rytov variance for a plane which is shown in equation (2.7) 12where is the refractive-index structure parameter. This parameter is dependent on temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, altitude and wind strength 12. Beam wander is some other occurrence in an atmospheric channel which causes similar effects as atmospheric scintillation. This is characterized by the deflection of the entire laser beam by optical tubules of larger diameter than the beam, resulting in a random movement of the light beam about the target point.Atmospheric scintillation is a major baulk of FSO communications systems, as it can produce large transient dips in the optical signa l. It has been studied extensively with various theoretical models already proposed to describe the signal fading 3, 5, 11. In addition, several communication techniques have been described to mitigate the signal fading effect 5, 6, 12, 13. In 3, the error performance of terrestrial FSO links were modelled as PPM/Poisson channels in turbulent atmosphere. The scintillation effects were modelled as lognormal for weak turbulence and as exponential for heavy turbulence. In Kiasaleh 11, the performance of a direct-detection, APD-based PPM FSO communication system in atmospheric turbulence was characterized. Here the weak turbulence link was investigated by modelling the received signal as a log-normal random process and also as a oppose exponentially distributed received signal intensity. The binary PPM was used as the modulation scheme for the system. It was anticipate that the receiver thermal noise is non-negligible and the average signal intensity was large enough to justify as Gau ssian approach. It was cerebrate that the performance of the APD-based PPM FSO system was soberly affected by turbulence and that the optimum APD gain must be used to avoid excessive APD noise at the receiver. It was also concluded that the negative exponential channel scintillation affected the systems performance with only large signal power capable of influencing the performance. Zhu and Kahn 5 employed the statistical properties of signal fading, as a function of both temporal and spatial coordinates as an approach of mitigating turbulence-induced intensity fluctuation. In spatial domain technique, at least two receivers are used to collect the signal light at different angles. In temporal domain techniques, only one receiver is used. Here signal-by-signal maximum likelihood detector (ML) is used to optimize performance when the receiver knows only the marginal statistics of the fading while maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) is used when the receiver knows the temp oral correlation of the fading. The probe showed that BER has greater degradation when the standard deviation of the turbulence induced fading is large. Furthermore, the diversity reception with the two receivers can improve the performance than a oneness receiver. According to Prokes 12, the receiver lens area causes an integration of various intensities incident on particular parts of the lens. It was reported in 12 that optical scintillations can be reduced by increasing the collection area of the receiver lens. This phenomenon is known as aperture averaging and the aperture averaging factor for a spherical wave is shown in equation (2.8) 12where is the power scintillation index and is the Rytov variance for the spherical wave. An experiment was carried out by Prokes 12 to investigate the effect of the aperture averaging factor on the power scintillation index using two different refractive index structure parameters for the calculation. The result showed that the influence of both the lens diameter and refractive-index structure parameter on the scintillation level was relatively large.The power link budget of a FSO communication link was given in 12 based on statistical analysis of the atmospheric attenuation. externalise 2.1 shows a power level diagram of FSO deployed at a distance of about 1 km.According to count 1, the total received optical power, was given by Prokes 12 in equation (2.9) aswhere is the mean optical power of a laser diode, includes the coupling loss between the laser and the transmitter lens and the attenuation loss in the lens, is the beam attenuation due to propagation loss, includes random losses caused by atmospheric phenomena (scattering and turbulence), and represents the coupling lens between the receiver lens and photodiode and the attenuation and reflection at the lens.2.2.5 AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION (ASE)Optical amplifiers are important components in communication links, as they are used to climb output power levels in the order of one Watt and higher. Due to the atmosphere medium used in FSO, only optical mavin and pre-amplification schemes can be used 14. Apart from the desired optical signal amplification, the optical booster amplifier constitutes a source of primer coat radiation that can exceed the background radiation from the sun. This radiation is called amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The ASE power spectral density is represented in equation (2.10) 14 aswhere is one photon energy, denotes the optical amplifier gain, and is the amplifiers noise figure which ideally should be 3 dB. Equation (2.10) is valid for a single spatial mode (including polarization modes) in multimode applications has to be multiplied by the number of emitted modes to arrive at the total ASE power spectral density 14.The effect of ASE radiation in optical booster and preamplification in FSO communication link was investigated by 14 using on/off keying (OOK) as the modulation technique. In the case of the booster amplifier, considering the fact that the maximum on-axis gain of a central unobscured optical transmit antenna with respect to an isolator radiator equals where is the diameter of the telescope optics and is the optical transmit wavelength .The value 0.81 is the optimum value of the fraction of incident power that can be conjugated to an optical fibre from an incident plane wave. On inserting into equation (2.10), the ASE power spectral density generated by the booster amplifier and coupled to the receiver is given in equation (2.11) 14 asW/Hz (2.11)where is the transmitter gain, is the transmitter noise figure and and are the transmitter and receiver telescope diameter respectively. Also the signal power coupled to the receiver was given in equation (2.12) 14 asW (2.12)where is the transmit optical power at the output of the booster amplifier. Figure 2.2 14 shows the general setup of an optically boosted FSO system.Modulated TX dataOptical ReceiverOptical booster amplifier GTX, FTXTelescope opticsDTXAmplified data signal transmit booster ASEDRXRUsing Erbium-doped booster amplifiers with specifications, telescope diameters, and a communication distance of , Winzer et al 14 arrived at which is of the order of the magnitude of the background radiation per mode produced by the sun. It also was reported that the booster ASE constitutes the despotic background radiation term up to communication distances of 600 000 km. In the optically preamplified FSO communication system, (see Figure 2.3) the received signal passes through polarization filter and optical bandpass which reduces the detected preamplifier ASE power. The preamplification introduces additional noise terms such as the shot noise, ASE-shot beat noise, signal-background beat noise, signal-ASE beat noise, background-preamplifier ASE beat noise, background-background beat noise and the ASE-ASE beat noise. It was reported by Winzer et al 14 that up to a link distance of 1000 km the beating of the signal and the transmit booster ASE dominates all other noise terms, causing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to become independent of R. The communication quality does not in this case increase with decreasing communication distance. It was thus concluded that the optical booster ASE has significant impact on the performance of a FSO communication link, especially at short link distances 14.Optical preamplifierPOL- filter (optional)Optical bandpassDecision logicRX dataIn Winzer et al 14, the use of the pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) system (see figure 2.4) to reduce the optical booster ASE at the receiver was presented. The proposed patent-pending PAT system eliminates the need for the using separate power or hardware for beacon lasers, taking care of alignment procedures between the beacon-laser and the transmit or receive telescopes, and splitting off a certain fraction of the information carrying data signal for PAT purposes 14.The booster ASE is applicable to the PAT system because the ASE spectrum exceeds that of the data signal by orders of magnitude and also the ASE has the same spatial modes as the data signal.Figure 2.4 The PAT system retrieving pointing/tracking information from ASE emitted by the booster amplifier at the transmitter 14Phillips et al2 carried out an analysis of the optically preamplified intersatellite pulse position modulation (PPM) receiver employing maximum likelihood detection (MLD) using Gaussian approximation (GA) and Chernoff bound (CB) techniques. The results from the calculations carried out at a wavelength of and bit rate of 25 Mb/s showed that this mentioned receiver configuration is approximately 1.5 dB more untoughened than the optically preamplified OOK non-return-to zero (NRZ) signalling. This method is proposed to have future implementation in future laser intersatellite communication systems. This paper has been reviewed in my report, with special interest in the BER evaluation.2.2.6 EYE SAFETYFSO systems involve the emission of high power optical power which can be unsafe, especially if operated incorrectly 7. As a result of this, laser safety standards have been established and classified based on the amount of power emitted by the transmitter source. Table 2.3 (adapted from 7) summarizes the principal classifications.Table 2.3 optical maser safety classifications for point-to-source emitter (adapted from 7)650 nm (visible)880 nm (infrared)1310 nm (infrared)1550 nm (infrared)