Issues of Mannerism Essay -- Essays Papers

Issues of Mannerism The movement in painting that is now referred to as Mannerism began in Italy around 1520, influenced artists throughout Europe, and lasted until the end of the 16th century. The word Mannerism originates from the Italian word maniera which translates into the English word style. The basis of Mannerism then is style; it’s a period of art where the focus was on grace and beauty. While preceding trends of Renaissance art looked to nature to find their style, working to perfect it, Mannerists manipulated nature creating a gross perfection of human form, idealizing forms to the point of abstraction. Definitions of Mannerist art as well as the reasons for its appearance as a movement are still contested today. For a definition of mannerism to have validity, it must offer a valid origination of the movement. Much is revealed when the reasons behind a certain artistic expression are clear. Until the 19th century, Mannerist art was considered by most to be perverse and capricious. It was considered simply an excessive use of a specific manner of which contained qualities that were strange and unjustified. It was thought that extravagance, a need for increased productivity, and a lack of artistic knowledge led to the Mannerist style. In the early part of the 20th century, these generalizations were considered unfair, and many new theories about the origins of Mannerism surfaced. Some theories suggest that artists were displaying a conscious deviance, painting against the rules of classical art, and rebelling against the High Renaissance and the ideal of naturalness. The spiritual unrest of the age is often considered the root of this deviant artistic behavior. John Shearman points out in Mannerism that the wars of the early 16th century created a period of economic and social disturbance creating the growth of Mannerist style. He says "most works of art are insulated in the mind of the artist even from his personal crises, joys and tragedies" (40). More reasonable, he says, are explanations of Mannerism in terms of sociological and religious influences. There was a new development in patronage during this period where works were commissioned for no other reason than to have a work made by a certain artist. Many times the subject, and/or the medium were to be decided upon by the artist. Rosso Fiorentino’s Desc... ...tle ‘Mannerism’ creates the illusion that it was a conscious movement like one of the 19th or 20th centuries. Mannerism didn’t have a focus, the artists weren’t working toward a common goal. The artists of Mannerism were influenced by all that came before them: antiquity, their predecessors and artistic peers, but Mannerists were most importantly looking toward the future and their own imaginations. Artists were for the first time were creating art for the sake of art. The goal of art was no longer intended completely as social or religious propaganda to be determined by the patron. Mannerist art was influenced by imagination and based on fantasy, and it was largely aimed at the enjoyment of an audience. Works Cited Tansey, Richard G. and Fred S. Kleiner. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace, 1996. Janson, H.W. and Anthony F. Janson. History of Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1997. Fenton, James. Introduction. Les Miserables. By Victor Hugo. New York: Dewynters, 1997. Waldman, Diane. Roy Lichtenstein. New York: Rizzoli International, 1993. Waldman, Diane. Roy Lichtenstein. Austria: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, 1969.

Types Of A Medical Review Officer ( Mro ) Testing Programs...

Private employers are not required to follow the SAMHSA guidelines but by doing so they can have better leg to stand on when it comes to the legal field. Many court decisions have been ruled in favor of these guidelines. These guidelines include having a Medical Review Officer (MRO) evaluate all tests. The guidelines also identify the five specific substances for use in the Federal drug testing programs and require a drug lab certified by SAMHSA to perform the analytical test. The five substances under the SAMHSA’s guidelines are amphetamines, THC, cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine. Amphetamines include meth, speed, crank, ecstasy, and stimulant based ADD/ADHD medications. THC includes cannabinoids, marijuana, and hash. Cocaine includes†¦show more content†¦Hallucinogens include LSD, mushrooms, mescaline and peyote. Inhalants include paint, glue, and hairspray. Anabolic steroids include synthesized and muscle building hormones. Hydrocodone includes prescription medi cation such as Lortab, Vicodin, and Oxycodone. MDMA is known as Ecstasy and Molly (Drug Free Workplace Advisor). Drugs have specific windows of detection in the body. This detection window is defined as the amount of time after ingestion that the evidence of the drug and metabolites will remain in a sample. Employers do not have the responsibility to post or publicize drug detection windows. It is important that when teaching employees about substance abuse that they are taught that drugs do have detection windows and may remain in your body for days after use. Alcohol has a detection window of 1.5 hours for 1 ounce of alcohol. Amphetamines last in the body for 48 hours. Barbiturates have a detection window of 2 to 10 days. Benzodiazepines last in the employees system for 2 to 3 weeks. Cocaine lasts in the body from 2 to 10 days. The metabolite for heroin lasts in the body for only 1 day. Morphine can only be detected in the body for 2 to 3 days. LSD has a short window of only 8 hours. Marijuana depends on the use of the drug abuser. A casual user only shows the THC metabolite for 3 to 4 days. Chronic users can have THC metabolites in their body for multiple