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The Physics of an Electric Car Essay -- Technology Science Inventions

The Physics of an Electric Car Gun returns home from deal with a normal day. He gets his things and walks into the house, contemplating the occasions of the day. He unwinds for the night, pondering the beneficial things throughout everyday life. He is fortunate that he has a great job, a pleasant house, and a decent vehicle. Be that as it may, pause, it feels like he overlooked something today. His psyche races, did he overlook an undertaking at work? He couldn’t have, he endeavors to keep up. Not considering what it slipped he's mind, Cannon staggers to bed for much required rest. Around three o’clock, Cannon shoots up. He remembered†¦ He neglected to connect his vehicle. Will there be sufficient force in the batteries to get him to work? How on the planet accomplishes that vehicle work in any case? During the previous not many years, there has been an expanding worry over our utilization of fuel in vehicles. There are a couple of answers to this worry. One of the first and most reasonable answers is the electric vehicle. These vehicles are comprised of a couple of segments that assist them with running simply like an ordinary vehicle. The segments to an immediate flow (DC) electric vehicle are the batteries, the controller and potentiometer, the engine and a particular One of the serious issues with electric vehicles is putting away enough vitality to flexibly the engine over an all-inclusive range. The normal separation for an electric vehicle is 50-100 miles. Batteries are the vitality hotspot for our vehicles. â€Å"Most electric vehicles use lead-corrosive batteries, yet new sorts of batteries, including zinc-chlorine, nickel metal hydride, and sodium-sulfur, are turning out to be more common† (Encarta, vehicle). In many vehicles, stockpiling for batteries is an issue. It takes a great deal of space for the batteries. It takes somewhere in the range of 16 and 50 batteries to get enough vitality put away to go any separation. ... ...ssed and turned throughout the night. He thought about whether he would have enough battery capacity to get him to take a shot at time. Turns out he had enough to get the opportunity to work. He went through the following day investigating what made his vehicle run. He understood that there are just a couple of significant parts to his electric vehicle: the batteries, the controller and potentiometers, the engine, and the regenerative stopping mechanism. What an incredible method to travel! Works Cited Brian, Marshall. â€Å"How Electric Cars Work.† 1 May 2003. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car.htm Electric Car, Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® Online Encyclopedia 2003. 1 May 2003. http://encarta.msn.com Electric Motors and Generators, Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® Online Encyclopedia 2003. 1 May 2003. http://encarta.msn.com Kirkpatrick, Larry D., Wheeler, Gerald F. Material science: A World View. Fourth ed. Fortification Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. The Physics of an Electric Car Essay - Technology Science Inventions The Physics of an Electric Car Gun returns home from deal with a normal day. He gets his things and walks into the house, contemplating the occasions of the day. He unwinds for the night, contemplating the beneficial things throughout everyday life. He is fortunate that he has a great job, a pleasant house, and a decent vehicle. In any case, pause, it feels like he overlooked something today. His psyche races, did he overlook a task at work? He couldn’t have, he endeavors to keep up. Not considering what it slipped he's mind, Cannon lurches to bed for much required rest. Around three o’clock, Cannon shoots up. He remembered†¦ He neglected to connect his vehicle. Will there be sufficient force in the batteries to get him to work? How on the planet accomplishes that vehicle work at any rate? During the previous barely any years, there has been an expanding worry over our utilization of fuel in vehicles. There are a couple of answers to this worry. One of the first and most reasonable answers is the electric vehicle. These vehicles are comprised of a couple of parts that assist them with running simply like an ordinary vehicle. The parts to an immediate flow (DC) electric vehicle are the batteries, the controller and potentiometer, the engine and a particular One of the serious issues with electric vehicles is putting away enough vitality to gracefully the engine over an all-encompassing extent. The normal separation for an electric vehicle is 50-100 miles. Batteries are the vitality hotspot for our vehicles. â€Å"Most electric vehicles use lead-corrosive batteries, yet new kinds of batteries, including zinc-chlorine, nickel metal hydride, and sodium-sulfur, are turning out to be more common† (Encarta, vehicle). In many vehicles, stockpiling for batteries is an issue. It takes a great deal of space for the batteries. It takes somewhere in the range of 16 and 50 batteries to get enough vitality put away to go any separation. ... ...ssed and turned throughout the night. He thought about whether he would have enough battery capacity to get him to take a shot at time. Turns out he had enough to get the chance to work. He went through the following day investigating what made his vehicle run. He understood that there are just a couple of significant segments to his electric vehicle: the batteries, the controller and potentiometers, the engine, and the regenerative slowing mechanism. What an extraordinary method to travel! Works Cited Brian, Marshall. â€Å"How Electric Cars Work.† 1 May 2003. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car.htm Electric Car, Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® Online Encyclopedia 2003. 1 May 2003. http://encarta.msn.com Electric Motors and Generators, Microsoftâ ® Encartaâ ® Online Encyclopedia 2003. 1 May 2003. http://encarta.msn.com Kirkpatrick, Larry D., Wheeler, Gerald F. Material science: A World View. Fourth ed. Stronghold Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.

English Language Arts Choice Board Middle School Short Stories

English Language Arts Choice Board Middle School Short Stories This resource contains three different choice boards that align with “All Summer in a Day” by Ray Bradbury, “The Fun They Had” by Isaac Asimov, and “The Most Dangerous Game” by Richard Connell. Each of the choice boards includes various multiple intelligence opportunities for students to show true knowledge through differentiated assessment. It is suggested that teachers who are using these resources pair these activities with pre-assessments that pertain to social-emotional aspects of student learning, text-dependent questions that allow students to analyze literary elements, word choice, and theme/central idea. These resources should be used as a summative assessment at the end of the reading. In preparation for state testing, teachers could also create rigorous multiple-choice/select items that pertain to each short story and blend that type of assessment with the inclusion of a choice board. For example, the assessment that the classroom teacher would give would have 2 parts: multiple-choice/select questions, then a choice board for students to further prove their knowledge of the text.

Architecture And Architecture Architect Frank Gehry

When asked to state a preferred sculptural work, few seldom answer in terms of architecture. Usually, when the term architecture is brought up, those of us who are non-architects tend to close mindedly think only about buildings. This apparent disconnect between what is conceived as architecture and what is conceived as art has long plagued the architects of this world. It is almost as if there is an accepted notion that architects can be artists, but artists simply cannot be architects which decidedly makes architecture first and foremost architecture, not art. Architect Frank Gehry is one such architect with artistic tendencies whose works have fallen victim to the preconceived ideas of architecture as art. Having a love for sculpture before entering into the world of architecture, it makes sense that Gehry would attempt to conceive works where both of his passions could shine through. Ultimately, this is what would motivate Gehry to create structures in which art and architecture could be seen as equals. In the end, however, Gehry’s goal of designing buildings where art and architecture were of the same importance would eventually become a self-contradictory objective. This can best be seen in the design of Gehry’s most renowned work, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain. By attempting to combine the most interesting aspects of art and architecture into one massive building, Gehry created a structure so revolutionary that it, like himself, would forever be known notShow MoreRelatedEssay about Architect of the Modern Age1219 Words   |  5 PagesFrank Gehry is a world renowned architect known for several important buildings such as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Walt Disney Concert Hall. He was born in Toronto Canada February 28, 1929 but moved with his family to Los Angeles, California in 1947(1). Gehry attended the University of Southern California and graduated in 1954 with a degree in architecture (1). In 1962, he established his own architectural firm in 1962 now called Gehry Partners, LLP (1). In the beginning, Gehry used theRead MoreThe Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Museum978 Words   |  4 Pagescentury and modern art, designed by the famous architect Frank Gehry. Architecture is important nowadays to the public, because it offers a physical surrounding environment in where we live in. Moreover, architecture is not only affected by the culture, but also by the economy of the country. Frank Gehry is one of the handful modern architects that are worldwide known by his inventive and pioneering work. The American Canadian architect was born Frank Owen Goldberg in Toronto, Canada on FebruaryRead MoreWalt Disney Concert Hall1522 Words   |  7 Pagesprivate spaces. In order to create innovative public architecture, considered to be the most civic, costly, time intensive and physical of the arts, the project holds a degree of risk, strife, and negotiation . Overcoming these tasks and creating worthy public architecture is a challenge designers try to accomplish, but are rarely successful. The people involved in a potential public building, can be larger than the building itself. Public architecture tries to please all, even the doubters and criticsRead MoreDancing House911 Words   |  4 PagesTitle of Building: Dancing House Name of Architect: Frank Gehry Date Completed: 1996 Illustration of Work: ï ¿ ¼ Frank Gehry. Dancing House. Prague, Czech Republic. http://www.columbia.edu/~beecher/prague/Dancing_House/0600/dancing_building_1.html. Part 1: Description of This Building Dancing House by Frank Gehry, was a building that was started in 1992 and was finished in 1996. The building obviously resembling a couple dancing, was first named after Fred Astair and Ginger RodgersRead More Frank Gehry Essay3167 Words   |  13 PagesFrank Gehry Quote â€Å"When everybody else is ready for the ending, I’m just ready to begin,† Frank Gehry once wrote. â€Å"It’s been the story of my life† (qtd. in Templer, 1999, pp.1) Laying the Foundation Born on 28 February 1929 in Toronto, Canada, Frank O. Goldberg entered a household with a strong Polish and Jewish heritage. Twenty years earlier, Thelma Caplanski left Poland with her parents, a couple with deep religious morals. Once they settled in Toronto, the two decidedRead MoreWalt Disney Concert Hall Critical Essay-When Art and Architecture Merge1245 Words   |  5 Pagesappearance left a profound impact on me influencing my view regarding the society and art. I feel astounded by how Gehry’s work can beautifully allow art and architecture to collide into a piece of functional aesthetic structure. Among all the nearby and typical buildings in the city of Los Angeles, Walt Disney Concert Hall, designed by Frank O. Gehry, becomes a prominent infrastructure and representative of the area. It reveals an eye-catching comparison as it unconventional, curvaceous, irregular andRead MoreThe Influence of the Greeks and Romans on Architecture894 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness.† (Gehry, 2012). What Frank Gehry was trying to say in simple terms was our culture cannot do without proper appreciation of its classical roots and it goes without saying that the Romans and Greeks have influenced art and architecture with its classical style in a number of different ways. Allow me to give a definition for the word classical. â€Å"Classical† refers to any art or architecture modelled after ancientRead MoreEnvironmental Protection Is A Trending Topic1414 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental protection is a trending topic not only in industries but also in architectures. Finding a solution that could minimum the pollution to surrounding environment and save the resources at the same time is crucial for architects in the process of design. Large amount of architects accepted the practice of involving more daylight in their architects to save more resources. An abundant suppl y of natural lighting can also save money and improve the visual quality of the environment. HoweverRead MoreThe Controversy Of Material Displacement2056 Words   |  9 Pageschallenges the viewers and provokes polarised opinions. Architects within the current era, are expressive, artistically driven, technologically aided and therefore experimental. These factors have encouraged outrageous designs and statements. The outcomes have provoked controversy, which are expressed through various mediums, such as media, articles, debates and lectures. An architect that has created many controversial buildings, is non other than Frank Gehry. The individual whose works are considered betweenRead MoreBuildings And Buildings Of Art Gallery Of Ontario1310 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons. (Goldberger, 2009).In everyday experiences when we confront a building, it is rare for our non-related architectural perceptions and thoughts to disappear from our mind, no matter how intense our interaction is. This happens when a piece of architecture functions just as a background mood in our consciousness, however closely we encounter the object. This can be explained as the effect of time on our relationship to architectural works in everyday experiences in modern and post-modern eras. This

Barangay Banga Profile - 5033 Words

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to lengthen our profound gratitude to Mr. Noberto Montecino for the chance he has given to us in conducting this study on the history of Brgy. Banga, Bayawan City. This effort would not have been possible without his reinforcement and reassurances of making this research a successful one. We would also like to extend our heartfelt appreciations to Hon. Amador Antique for his magnanimous and generous sharing of knowledge with regard on the past history of Brgy. Banga. Furthermore, we would like to thank our parents for their unending love, support, understanding and prayer as well as to our dearest friends who indeed help us in accomplishing this matter. Above all, we give our genuine gratefulness to†¦show more content†¦It’s soil is fertile and suited for the production of rice, corn, coconut, sugar cane, livestock, vegetables and other agricultural products and crops. It’s territorial bodies of water includes the western side of Bayawan river and vast fishing ground. Total [population as of 2002 is 4,412 people which consist of professionals, farmers, fishermen, skilled and unskilled laborers, youth and the aged. Barangay Banga is proud to have its residents who have previously and presently occupied various top positions in the private and public offices. There are five rice corn mills (one commercial scale, cattle fattening project found in the barangay with increase in the prices of sugar in the world market. Farmers in the barangay are again expanding and or developing their sugar cane farmers. There is one ice plant that is functioning very well. The residents along the river bank and seashore are basically engage in fishing as their main source of livelihood, either with the use of pump boat, sail boats or just mere hook live fishing. Mostly near shore residents are also engage in Bangus fry trailing during fry cropping season. To alleviate the living condition of the near shore residents, Banga Central School is the rest of the Bayawan West Basaty District office of DECS. It has satellite primary school in Sitio Cansig-id and Sitio Buli-Buli. Various DECSShow MoreRelatedMalnutrition: Nursing Theory and Nutritional Status3325 Words   |  14 PagesSocio Cultural Determinants that Affect Nutritional Status (of elderly above sixty years of age and children below five years of age) in Barangay Banga, Talisay, Batangas Introduction The effects of malnutrition on human performance, health and survival have been the subject of extensive research for several decades and studies show that malnutrition affects physical growth, morbidity, mortality, cognitive development, reproduction, and physical work capacity. Malnutrition is an underlying factor

Evaluation of revenue management application in Nigerian hotels. Free Essays

string(358) " in Nigerian hotels To what extent do Nigerian hotels consider Customer loyalty, customer satisfaction and customer retention a priority Limitations For the sake of this thesis, only three hotels will be explored from each of the 36 states in Nigeria, because there are several unregistered hotels and there is no proper list of all the hotels in Nigeria\." Abstract This thesis has provided a structured literature review which gives a broader definitions of the major concepts in revenue management in terms of the applications and the long term relationship with customers. It then explores the extent to which revenue management is been applied in the Nigerian hospitality sector. The aim of this thesis is to analyze revenue management application in some selected hotels in Nigeria, Nigeria is made up of 36 states including the Federal Capital Territory. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of revenue management application in Nigerian hotels. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Three hotels will be selected from the 36 states adding up to a total of 108 hotels to which questionnaires will be sent, the result will give how RM is been applied in line with the manipulation techniques involved, above that, from the research, it will conduct a development plan for other hotels under utilising the full strength of RM tools. The goal of this thesis is to improve the profitability of the room capacity with the tools of revenue management being explored, The theoretical data for this thesis will be collected from the selected hotels, hospitality management literatures, and Internet. In addition, other important information sources will be from the author’s personal experience and a result from the questionnaires rolled out to gain a reliable and comprehensive information of the RM adoption. 1.0 Introduction This chapter gives an introduction to RM, following literatures by Orkin, (1990), Jones and Val, (1993), Karaesmen and van Ryzin, (2004), Kimes, (2000, 1998), Rothstein (1971, 1975), Bitran and Caldentey, (2003), and Weatherford, (2003). We start with an elaborated explanation of revenue management, the history and its origin (Rothstein (1971, 1975), Bitran and Caldentey, (2003), and Weatherford, (2003)). Afterwards, a conceptual framework for understanding the objectives of revenue management, the business platform on which RM can be adopted (Kimes, 1989), the way the system works and finally, this thesis will conclude by giving an outline of the remaining chapters of the thesis. We here trace the history of revenue management as practiced in the hospitality industry in an effort to illustrate what Jones and Lockwood, (1998), said about RM, they said that Revenue management is a well researched and explored manipulation technique for maximising revenue. Unfortunately, revenue management practice in Nigeria is little known, for example, it has been a commonplace to sell a room twice a day if the opportunity arise, increasing the revenue generated directly leading to RM application indirectly, this form the bisis of this dissertation and it is a gap this research is seeking to fill by exploring the extent to which RM is practised in Nigerian hotels directly and not been blind folded by an indirect approach of the application of Revenue Management. RM can be define as a management tool or technique which is currently being utilized by an increasing number of international chain of hotels and independently owned hotels in order to maximize the effective use of their available room capacity and ensure a boost financially, (Salmon, 1990). Furthermore, Jones and Lockwood, (1998), researched and concluded that RM is not entirely a new capacity manipulation tactic in the world, and most hoteliers practice some form of RM, such as the adjusting of room rates to temper fluctuations between peak and off-peak seasons, mid-week, and weekend rates. This Research, therefore, examines the use and application of RM in the hotel industry in Nigeria and aims to demonstrate its application towards effectively maximizing room revenue and profit maximization. For the sake of this thesis, a comprehensive literature review based on secondary sources in order to explore RM application will be established as a guide to the fieldwork and the areas of interest will be extracted from the literature review. Above others, these areas and issues will be investigated through the method of collecting primary data. Furthermore, all collected documentations will be made available in order to validate the information given during these interviews. This thesis is a very satisfying and challenging process since it focuses on the gap which has never been researched in the hospitality industry in Nigeria. Nevertheless, it is a valuable learning experience which will be cherished by revenue managers in Nigeria in order to enhance the revenue generated in their respective hotel(s). This thesis seek to give a proper understanding of revenue management tools including; Overbooking, Inventory control, displacement analysis pricing and lastly forecasting method, their impacts on the corporate performance in terms of customer satisfaction and loyalty leading to customer retention will be of secondary concern. 1.1 Aim This thesis seeks to explore the extent to which revenue management is being practised in Nigerian hotel in terms of the usage of RM tools which is afore mentioned. This will be achieved by exploring three hotels from each 36 states in Nigeria, some which will be from an international chain of hotels and others an independently owned hotels. Questionnaires will be rolled out to these selected hotels in other to have a generic perception towards the adoption of RM following the literature by Vinod (2004) in that the value of revenue management is assessed in the hotel industry. 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS Every seller is faced with fundamental decisions, juxtaposing this, a BBQ restaurant selling chicken and chips should be able to decide on which period to make her maximum sale, the price to give and when to reduce the price. A cinema ticket or stadium ticket must be sold within a certain period, therefore, the manager must decide when to start selling tickets, what the asking price should be, and when to drop price if necessary. In the Hotel industry, it is similar; hotel managers should know when to drop prices on rooms, when to stop selling rooms, when to increase the prices of rooms. Following these examples, the Nigerian hotels’ operations led us to the objectives of the thesis: To explore the extent to which revenue management is applied. To seek the awareness of RM within the Nigerian hotels. Research questions: How is revenue managed in Nigerian hotels To what extent do Nigerian hotels consider Customer loyalty, customer satisfaction and customer retention a priority Limitations For the sake of this thesis, only three hotels will be explored from each of the 36 states in Nigeria, because there are several unregistered hotels and there is no proper list of all the hotels in Nigeria. However, some of the hotels are part of international chain of hotels operating on an international level while some are independently owned. Furthermore, we have limited the research to RM application and from the survey, the sensitive areas as regards to customer loyalty, satisfaction and long term retention will be explored, in other words, the loyalty, retention and satisfaction will be our secondary aim. Nonetheless, there may of course be other operations or practices within these hotels that affect revenue but our research is focused on the five RM tools been employed as afore mentioned. The followings under listed are the possible limitation this thesis might face. Finance One of the major problems for the research is finance, the financial aspect in terms of travelling to Nigeria to schedule and execute an interview with the managers of the selected hotels and therefore, questionnaires will be sent via the wireless network (internet) using kwicksurvey; an internet based questionnaire software. Authenticity of information Secondly, Some of the managers to fill the questionnaires might accept the purpose of the study and fill, but some might be offended by it and feel it is a time wasting process and give a biased information. Time constraints Lastly, the risk for the study of not been able to find the information it needs at the allowed time. Finding the information may take more time than the limited time given (time constraints). Research Outline Chapter one will set a solid foundation for this thesis, therefore, the research will continue by presenting a comprehensive literature review as far as revenue management is concerned in Chapter Two. A concise description and critical understanding of RM background will be the aim of the literature review (Chapter two). Furthermore, an overview of the literature within the following RM tools including; overbooking, displacement analysis, price control, inventory control (length of stay restriction) and as they lead to customer management will be given in order to set the base and create an understating of how these tools influence revenue generated. Chapter Two concludes with a brief structured analysis of the literature review presented. Chapter three will seek to explore and examine the aim of the research process and how the fieldwork will be conducted. Research limitations will be presented, the fieldwork and how information will be handled. This chapter describes what happens in all the stages on the fieldwork. (Before, during, and after the fieldwork). In Chapter Four we present a generic practice within the studied hotels and give a short generic presentation of the hotels participating and describe how RM tools are used in terms of the followings; overbooking, displacement analysis, price control, inventory control (length of stay restriction). Concluding the chapter with a description of how the respondents recognize the external environment followed by their perception on revenue management and their practices of RM techniques. In Chapter Five, the empirical findings will be evaluated and analysed in a way that it can be linked with the literature overview presented in Chapter Two. This will be done through a critical analysis. These analyses will illustrate the effectiveness of RM application in Nigerian hotels and how it is been adopted, therefore, Chapter Six will be based on the analysis of revenue management tactics. Chapter Six gives the implication of our main findings and conclusions, as this will be based on the entire research carried out, Furthermore, suggestions of areas which is felt to be further developed after critical evaluation of RM application in Nigeria is made following Choi and Mattila (2004)’s investigation on the impact of revenue management as regards to customers’ perceptions on fairness. LITERATURE REVIEW ON REVENUEMANAGEMENT Revenue ManagementDefinition In this chapter, RM literature will be explored, following all the five application tools afore mentioned. In the literature, Burgess and Bryant, (2001) said, many authors are conversant with the use of interchanging the term revenue management (RM) with yield management (YM). Some consider YM only to be related with revenue derived from accommodation whereas RM may encompass all areas of hotel revenue Therefore, it is important to highlight the term YM and clarify its meaning for the purpose of this thesis. Many definitions are available on YM. Jones and Val, (1993) said, yield is calculated by taking revenue realized and dividing it by revenue potential. However, RM is often associated with the following definition by Kimes, (2000, p. 121) â€Å"The application of information systems and pricing strategies to allocate the right capacity to the right customer at the right place at the right time.† further assessment conducted by Mitchell (1992) states that revenue management is the process of controlling room availability by opening, closing and restricting different room rates based on forecast demand in order to maximise room revenue. Jauncey et al. concluded through an analysis of literatures, came up with the term â€Å"best fit† definition for RM, which is â€Å"An integrated, continuous and systematic approach to maximizing room revenue through the manipulation of room rates in response to forecasted patterns of demand.† Jauncey et al., (1995, p. 25) and a description of RM, according to Jones and Val (1993), is to apply basic economic principles to pricing and to control the supply of rooms for the purpose of maximizing room revenue. Which means that in order to have an effective RM technique in place one would need to understand the basic economics of supply and demand so that the right price could be set in order to increase room revenue for the company, following what kimes (1998a) said about selling the right product to the right customer at the right time and the right place. Nevertheless, some conditions for the application of revenue management must predominate according to kimes (2000). These conditions include; Capacity must be relatively fixed, RM tactics is primarily designed for a capacity constrained firms but firms not having this capacity constraints can make use of inventory as a buffer dealing with fluctuations in demand. Service should be perishable, service ends when ends. Service could be sold well in advance of cunsumption, to maximize room revenue, some sort of reservation system which allows inventory bookings to be received well in advance should be put in place. The cost of a sale should be relatively low, this simply means the cost of putting a guest in another unoccupied room is relatively lower than building another room. Demand should flunctuate substancially, peak and off peak seasons, festive periods are all examples of demand fluctuations. Market could be segmented e.g Leisure travellers and business travellers. When looking at the literature from a historical perspective, it was the airline industry that has been credited with the development and refinement of RM following the deregulation of the U.S. airline industry in the 1970s, Kimes, (1989a), and McMahon-Beattie et al., (1999). This deregulation resulted in a heavy competition within the airline industry and led to a price cutting war. Nevertheless, from the literatures of Rothstein (1971, 1975), Bitran and Caldentey, (2003), and Weatherford, (2003), managing inventory became an important part of running a successful business in the early 1970s. As a result of this competitive circumstances, McMahon-Beattie et al., (1999) said, the adoption of RM began in the hotel industry in the middle of the 1980s as the industry was faced with excess capacity, severe short-term liquidity problem and increasing business failure rates. Purpose of Yield Management Jones and Hamilton (1992) among others said, RM in the hotel industry tries to maximize the available guest room rates when room demand exceeds available room and to maximize occupancy when available room exceeds room demands, even at the expense of the average room rate. Nevertheless, some authors like Jauncey et al., (1995), McMahon-Beattie et al.,(1999), Siguaw et al., (2001) all agree that the purpose of RM is the maximization of room revenue through the manipulation of room rates in a structured fashion, so as to take into account forecasted patterns of demand. It is a technique that attempts to maximize profits by using information about buying behaviour and sales to create pricing and inventory controls, Lee-Ross and Johns, (1997). Why RM. Donaghy et. al., (1995), and Kimes, (1989b) just to mention a few, has examined RM applications and studied its definition, researchers like Donaghy and McMahon, (1995), Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, (1998), Hiemstra, (1999), Kimes, (1989a, b, 1997), Yeoman and Watson, (1997), looked at the critical factors that are likely to influence the application and implementation of RM and finally, the ethical issues in terms of customer satisfaction, retention and loyalty over a long period of time can be seen in the following literatures, Cross, (1992, 1997), Jauncey et al., (1995), Kimes, (1994), and Lieberman, (1993). Cross, (1997) added that within one year of the adoption of RM, Delta airline generated $300 million increment, $500 million annually was recorded annually by American airline, over $100 million is annually generated by Marriott jr Hotels and $2 million gained in the first two weeks, following the adoption of RM techniques at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. RM Tools Pricing strategies First and foremost, RM tools are intertwined, one tool depends on the other to function effectively. Pricing strategies used to be a decision by the overall managers before, but in recent years, that schedule has been given to a revenue manager but the principle of differential pricing is said not to be attributed to the immergence of RM by Donaghy, et al (1995). Hotel managers have long been using various pricing strategies to maximize their profits by bringing the seasonal demand for rooms and capacity limitations into a balance (Choi and Cho, 2000), even before the deregulation in the airline industry that gave birth to RM in the 1970’s. Differential pricing strategies including; price discrimination, off peak pricing and demand based pricing may change the reference price and reference transaction which could cause customers to feel the current transaction is unfair and the customer could even perceive such differential pricing as price gorging. (Whirtz et al (2003; pg 220 )), A stochastic or probabilistic demand seemed justified on the basis that consumers ‘arrive’ at random times before consumption. From the pricing perspective, though, a theoretical structure was needed to explain how demand is shaped or why it would follow a particular pattern across time. Otherwise, there was no assurance that the past is able to predict the future [Bernstein, 1996; Ng, 2004]. Accordingly, despite tremendous computing power available today, pricing based on demand forecasts faces the same old problem in conventional probability theory, where, according to Bernstein [1996: 334], ‘the raw material of the model is the data of the past’. Some research studies have attempted to shed some light on the behaviour of the advance buyer. The literature is scant, dominated by marketing, and not commonly brought into revenue management research. For example, Desiraju and Shugan [1999] evaluated strategic pricing in advance selling and found that yiel d management strategies such as discounting, overbooking and limiting early sales work best when price-insensitive customers buy later than price-sensitive customers. Shugan and Xie [2000] showed that due to the state dependency of service utility, buyers are uncertain in advance and become certain at consumption time while sellers remain uncertain of buyer states at consumption time because of information asymmetry. They suggest that advance selling overcomes the informational disadvantage of sellers and it is therefore a strategy to increase profit. Xie and Shugan [2001] studied when advance selling improves profits and how advance prices should be set. They have also investigated the optimality of advance selling, investigating selling in a variety of situations, buyer risk aversion, second period arrivals, limited capacity, yield management and other advance selling issues. Png [1989], on the other hand, showed that costless reservations in advance is a profitable pricing strate gy as it induces truth revelation on the type of valuation that the consumer has for the service (which is private information). If the consumer has a high valuation i.e. ability to consume, s/he will use the reservation and pay a higher price. If not, the consumer will not use it. In another paper, Png [1991] compared the strategies of charging consumers a lower price for advance sales and attaching a price premium at the date of consumption versus charging them a premium and promising a refund should consumption prices be lower than what was purchased. Despite these models that aim to capture primitive advance demand behaviour, there has not been much effort to integrate them into a unified framework, nor have there been any attempts to bridge the behavioural aspects of demand with revenue management research. Models of the former capture individual consumer behaviour (or homogeneous consumer segments) and it was difficult to see how that could be aggregated and applied to revenue management that mostly dealt Overbooking, cancellations and no-shows Overbooking, is simply defined as a concept of accepting more reservations than the physical available capacity with the knowledge that some bookings will end up as a no-show, or cancellations furthermore, this serve as a hedge against early check outs, this is said in the literature that overbooking is one of the oldest form of RM tactics Karaesmen and van Ryzin, (2004). Overbooking is actually not a bad concept, but if not managed well, it could lead to overselling. Overselling happens when the number of arrivals exceeds the available room capacity. Authors have examined how hotels could secure themselves in other to avoid no-shows or cancellations by guests, through appropriate reservation policies, (Alstrup et al., (1986), Belobaba, (1989), Hersh and Ladany, (1978), Lieberman and Yechiali, (1978), Rothstein, (1971, 1974, 1985), Thompson, (1961), and Toh, (1985)) ———airlines. Under this strategy, the seller deliberately oversells capacity if high-paying consumers show up, even when capacity is already fully booked. The seller then cancels the sale to some low-paying customers while providing them with appropriate compensation. We derive a new rule to optimally allocate capacity to consumers when overselling is used, and show that overselling helps limit the potential yield and spoilage losses. Yield loss is reduced because the seller can capture more high-paying customers by compensating low-paying customers who give up their right to the product. Displacement analysis Displacement analysis has been a very challenging exercise for function room analysis. It is challenging to determine what to negotiate when considering booking a group with a significant lead time, because when compression does hit it is possible that more money could have been made by waiting and taking the last-minute groups that are willing to pay higher prices. But that requires hotels taking significant risks and gambles The concept of displacement is defined by Abbort and Lewry, (1991) is said to be â€Å"those prospective customers who are unable to obtain a higher rate because the rooms have already been booked by customers paying lower rate.† Furthermore, Biyalogorsky, (1999) added that displacement concept is â€Å"selling at a low price, and losing a better price later†. Displacement analysis is divided in to two parts, including; Primary displacement and Secondary displacement. Primary displacement is also known as the direct displacement, and these are those prospective guest who are willing to increase the room rate themselves just to get booked for a particular date of arrival but could not be booked due to the fact that the available rooms are already been booked by guests with lower rates. Secondly, the secondary displacement which is also known as indirect displacement and are said to be those subsequent rooms lost due to primary displacement. Example of this displacement analysis can be seen in appendix 1. Inventory control 1 The Mechanics of Inventory Control Distribution and Central Reservation Systems Traditional revenue management is intimately related with distribution and central reservation systems. Distribution and central reservation systems represent a broad and fascinating topic in their own right. An excellent high-level account of airline planning, marketing, and distribution activities and their relation to operations research can be found in Smith et al. (2001). Here we provide only sufficient background information to facilitate discussion of the main topic of this paper, revenue management. Forecasting Forecasting is an important strategy of RM in any organisation adopting its techniques; but it is particularly critical in hotel revenue management because of the direct influence forecasts have on the available room booking limits that determine hotel profits. Not surprisingly, forecasting is concurrent with the literature on overbooking because overbooking calculations depend on predictions of ultimate demand, cancellations, and no-shows. Demand forecasting Jauncey et al., (1995), Pak and Piersma, (2002), Kime, (1999), 2003), all agreed that forecasting is one of the key principles of revenue management. Jauncey et al., (1995), Donaghy et al., (1995, 1997), juxtaposed the effectiveness of a good RM system by adding that it should be able to predict demand conditions and fluctuations by analyzing reservation patterns, arrival, departures and a score of other demand characteristics. Recently, the following literatures by Anderson and Blair, (2004), Desiraju and Shugan, (1999) suggested that revenue management systems with forecasting algorithms are expensive to implement in real terms. Lahoti, (2002) added by saying that, a typical RM system costs between $1 million to $3 million and takes more than two years to implement. Moreover, research has proven and showed that these complex and sophisticated revenue management systems are not liable to mislead, deceive, or disappoint. In fact, Ng et al., (1999) added that, using the data of the pa st and sales department using present day information, conflicts often occur, and many revenue management tactics should employ some level of human intervention, in other words, making use of RM as a guide but human intervention is still relevant. Forecasting has four limitations, following the literatures by c.f. Chase, 1999; Lieberman, 1993; Relihan, 1989; Boyd, 2004; Desiraju and Shugan, 1999. Firstly, A proposition upon which forecasting is based or from which a forecasting conclusion is drawn, should be based on fundamental concepts of consumer behaviour, (Chase, 1999; Lieberman, 1993, Relihan, 1989). It will be of great importance to bring to revenue managers attention according to Carry, (2004) revenue manipulation and maximisation using forecast method. Consequently, this may not be a good indicator of the subsequent or present bookings, and cannot be determined by using only RM system by studying historical pattern of demand, because the reason why consumers act or react the way they do is just as important as how they are behaving. Secondly, forecasting tactic at its best when adopted is still a combination segments that could, if possible, be desegregated for higher revenue. Thirdly, demand records are subject to m any factors, including the pricing strategies of the existing competitors at that time. We can only assume and predict based on the historical data. Finally, demand can be influenced, not merely be known. As early as 1951, Schumpeter, (1951), Liebhafsky, (1968) said that wants cannot be taken as independent and consumers could be taught by producers to want new things. Figure 1 duration price fixedvariable predictableQuadrant 1MoviesStadiums and arenasConvention centres Quadrant 2HotelsAirlinesRental cars Cruise lines unpredictableQuadrant 3RestaurantsGolf CoursesInternet service providers Quadrant4Continuing careHospitals (Kimes. 2000. p.127) The industries found in quadrant 2, such as airlines and hotels, are generally those associated with RM, Weatherford et al., (2001). That is because these industries tend to use variable pricing for services with a specified or predictable duration. Nevertheless, Donaghy and McMahon (1995) state that a successful application of RM techniques results in fluctuating room prices. RM therefore, consists of not two, but three separate, interrelated parts; inventory management, duration control, and pricing. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott, P. and Lewry, S. (1991) Front Office Procedures, Social Skills and Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bitran, G. and Caldentey, R. 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International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 9 (2), 80–83. [/level-freee-rstricted] How to cite Evaluation of revenue management application in Nigerian hotels., Essay examples

Marketing Methods About Cadbury Chocolates Essay Example

Marketing Methods About Cadbury Chocolates Paper The biggest challenge facing existing companies globally is sustaining continued growth and expansion. The two main methods that can be adapted by companies to expand their operations are the introduction of new products in the market or expanding organically by updating on the already existing product. The Cadbury Chocolate Company has decided to use the former method whereby the company wants to introduce a new slimming chocolate bar into the Australian market. The Cadbury Chocolate Company was founded in 1932 and it remains the biggest manufacturer of chocolate in products in the world. The company has other product portfolios and other famous brands like snack, dairy milk range, time out bars, milk tray, crà ¨me egg and crunchie. To ensure that the customers become aware of the new slimming chocolate bar that the company is introducing in the market, intensive market research need to be carried out(Stone Desmond, 2007). The type of market research methods Market research is simply the collection and analysis of data to ensure that the customer needs and wants are satisfied. Market research helps in decision-making and reduces the risk the Cadbury Chocolates Company may encounter when introducing the new slimming chocolate bar. Market research is vital in every business because the marketing executive learn about potential customers, potential competitors, consumer wants and consumer needs. Consumers have different tastes and preferences, which determine the needs and wants. Carrying a market research will help the company to establish a target market hence providing a focus for marketing activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Methods About Cadbury Chocolates specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Methods About Cadbury Chocolates specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Methods About Cadbury Chocolates specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The company will also be able to estimate the correct amount of the new slimming chocolate bar to manufacture and supply in the market. The type of research methods that would be the most appropriate for the Cadbury chocolates to use will be the primary data. Primary data collection method is more focused and effective than the secondary research method. Primary research can be conducted by use of questionnaires, contacting consumers directly and carrying out general market observation (Grbich, 2004). There are various methods that can be used to conduct a primary market research and they are discussed below. Conducting Interviews This is the most common method that is associated with market research. The interview can be face-to-face, telephone or over the internet. The advantage of telephone interviews is that it can cover a wide geographical area and it is cheaper than face-to face interviews. On the other hand, face-to-face interviews are conducted between a market researcher and a respondent. Conducting market research using this method ensures that the researcher gets a lot of information. Face-to-face also allows the use of pictures and products that need to be introduced in the market. The Cadbury chocolate company can also use internet whereby individuals who access the company’s website are requested to fill electronic questionnaires (Stone Desmond, 2007). Mail survey In most countries, the most appropriate method to use for the collection of primary data is mail survey. The Cadbury chocolate company can design questionnaires and mail them to a number of respondents. To improve the level of response from the respondents the company may prompt or remind the respective respondents. Focus group A focus group is made up of respondents who are based together in the same room. The market researchers from the Cadbury chocolate company should work with the focus group to gather in depth qualitative feedback. The focus group can be composed of 20 to 30 respondents. Personal opinions, discussion and beliefs are encouraged and the market research will explore precise areas that are of interest to the Cadbury chocolate company. The area of interest in this case will be to hear the views of various respondents concerning the introduction of the new slimming chocolate bar onto the Australian market. This method is more effective because the research can be covered in depth. The researcher and the respondents have a chance to interact hence colleting the true personal opinions (Zikmund Barry, 2013). Product test The Cadbury chocolate company can display the new slimming chocolate bar to the market. Potential customers are given a chance to visit the store and their purchase behavior is observed and recorded. The market researchers will then contemplate the response of the customers towards the new slimming chocolate bar. The market executives will also learn more about the packaging of the product and the way the customers would like the product to be packaged (Zikmund Barry, 2013). Use of Diaries The Cadbury chocolate company can choose a number of customers and request them to complete a diary that lists and records their purchasing behavior on the new slimming chocolate bar at a specified period either weekly, monthly or annually. This method demands for substantial commitment from the respondent but it is very effective. After collecting this information, the company’s marketing executive will have a clear picture on the purchasing behavior of the customers (Adams Birn, 2004). The use of the above discussed market research methods is more effective than the use of secondary method of data collection. This is because primary data collection method provides the marketing executives with the clear and real picture of how customers will respond to the new slimming chocolate bar when it is finally introduced in the market. How the Cadbury Chocolate Company make use of Qualitative and Quantitative research? Justify your choices. Qualitative and quantitative researches are the two kinds of research employed in marketing research that will assist Cadbury chocolates to be successful in their new product. Quantitative and qualitative research will be useful since they come up with data that is valuable in understanding the needs of consumers. The usefulness of quantitative and qualitative research in Cadburys is discussed below: Qualitative research When trying to introduce a product into a new market qualitative research is very effective. This is because it assists in getting to know what is inside the customer mind. Cadbury chocolates will make use of Qualitative research as an exploratory research aiming at determining the consumer’s value and altitudes towards the new slimming chocolate bar. Through qualitative research, there will be an in depth understanding on the need of introducing the chocolate bar in the Australian market. Qualitative research will help to explain the purchasing logic, which explains why individuals will buy the product. This will be the basis of identifying the real market segments for customers who will purchase the product. The research will also help in understanding the behaviors of customers and how they will respond to the new product (Grbich, 2004). Qualitative research will also be a useful tool for determining the importance of the new product to a customer. In most cases, people are faced with difficulties of what to ask during the research but with qualitative research there will be a process, which identifies the issues and discovers what is important to customers and why. Since qualitative research relies on some interaction with the customer like observation, depth interviews and focus group a full range of responses will be given revealing areas that are either negative or positive. The research will also determine the ideas that generate a number of responses. This is very useful to the ongoing introduction of the product because new ideas concerning the product will be generated (Stone Desmond, 2007). Qualitative research is familiar in the market research business and companies make use of the focus group to test their products. Focus group in this case will help Cadbury test their products and explore if the chocolate bar they want to introduce in the market will meet customers’ needs. Focus group delivers data that is descriptive and very rich; views of the respondents concerning the new product are also gathered. Through the focus group, people who will be consumers share their insights since they have a lot of experience. Their attitude towards the product will also be examined and it will assist Cadbury venture in the new market (Zikmund Barry, 2013). Quantitative research The main reason for a business to conduct a quantitative research is to become aware of how people in a population share certain characteristics and ideas towards a certain product or service. Quantitative research is designed to produce reliable and accurate measurement that will allow statistical analysis. In their introduction of a new product in the market Cadbury will use quantitative research to measure the behavior, performance and attitude of their will be customers. They will become aware of the people who use their products and those who have interest in the chocolate bar that they will be introducing. Quantitative research is used to estimate the potential of a business and measures its size and the segments that exist in the market. This will assist Cadbury conducts the need assessment and understand human behavior towards the new product (Adams Birn, 2004). Quantitative research through advanced statistical techniques like regression, cluster analysis and correlation will be used to create models that predict the consumer’s opinion towards the new sliming chocolate bar. Since it is deeply rooted in the statistics and numbers data is easily changed. This will be effective in measuring product awareness, determining the market size and establishment of customer profiles. Prudent recommendations will be compiled since quantitative research involves a large sample size of customers who are surveyed. There is added advantage of making use of quantitative research because Cadbury will come up with projectable data that is essential in defining their long term strategy (Zikmund Barry, 2007). Quantitative research makes use of questionnaires that are administered to a large number of respondents. This is important because it allows some statistical analysis such as calculating the percentage or mean score. Through the questionnaires, Cadbury will be given a representative picture of what consumers think regarding the new chocolate bar. This means that there will be an understanding of the response of consumer’s towards the new product (Stone Desmond, 2007). Quantitative research makes use of survey to collect information regarding the customer’s views towards a product. Speaking to a large number of customers is effective because clear views are given. The survey can be repeated several times to monitor change in opinion regarding the new product. Face to face will work very well for Cadbury because an explanation is needed and the new product needs to be shown to the customer. Making a survey by use of telephone is also effective because it gives the customers a chance to give their views regarding the new product (Grbich, 2004).